Fire police: A statutory comparison of the operational nexus between law enforcement and the fire service in six states

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-438
Author(s):  
Wesley R. Attwood
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Specialized Knowledge ◽  
Police Powers ◽  
Rescue Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Unified Command

The disciplines of law enforcement and fire–rescue services have maintained a tradition of performing separately but together in terms of cohesion at the emergency scene. This can be attributed to differing operational focuses and organizational culture, leaving a response gap in unified command and functional response efforts. In order to bridge this cohesion gap, several states have implemented legislation that establishes an operational nexus between the two disciplines. Known as “fire police” in corresponding law, these personnel perform duties that draw upon specialized knowledge and practice in firefighting and police powers. Although these specialized personnel have been used for the past several decades, a void remains in academic discourse of the duties they perform, the powers they maintain for exercise, and where they fit in the emergency response picture. This investigation focuses on fire police within the United States and performs a statutory comparison of the states where they exist to provide a better understanding of their role.

scholarly journals When crises collide—Policing a pandemic during social unrest

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Marie C. Jipguep-Akhtar ◽  
Tia Dickerson ◽  
Denae Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Equality ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Police Powers ◽  
Disparate Treatment ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

In 2020, the United States was shaken by concurrent crises: the COVID-19 pandemic and protests for racial equality. Both crises present significant challenges for law enforcement. On the one hand, the protests for racial equality drew the public’s attention to the criminal justice system’s disparate treatment of Blacks and other people of colour. On the other hand, the pandemic required the expansion of police duties to enforce public health mandates. To ensure compliance, law enforcement may arrest, detain, and even use force to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases that may have an irreversible impact on human health, such as COVID-19. Policing, however, is at a critical point in America. The government is expanding police powers for the sake of public health; all the while, public indignation about police (ab)uses of power has fuelled calls for its defunding. It is therefore important to explore Americans’ views of policing pandemics during periods of social unrest, focusing on the recognition that socio-economic and racial inequities shape perceptions. The data from this project derives from surveys with Americans on the specific topics of race, policing, racial protests, and COVID-19. The study finds that Americans perceive the police as legitimate overall; however, there are divergences based on race, gender, and marital status. These differences may contribute meaningful insights to the current discourse on police legitimacy in America.

Dangerous Excursions: The Case against Expanding Forensic DNA Databases to Innocent Persons

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Simoncelli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Storage

Over the past fifteen years, the United States has witnessed an extraordinary expansion in the banking and mining of DNA for law enforcement purposes. While the earliest state laws governing forensic DNA limited collection and retention of DNA samples to sexual offenders – on the theory that these persons were especially prone to recidivism and most likely to leave behind biological evidence – today forty-three states collect DNA from all felons, twenty-eight from juvenile offenders, and thirty-eight from those who commit certain categories of misdemeanors.A few states have expanded their databases beyond convicted criminals. Virginia, Louisiana, Texas, and California have authorized DNA retention from persons merely arrested for various offenses, although to date only Virginia has implemented such a program. At the federal level, an ill-considered statute that allows for the seizure and storage of DNA from anyone arrested and from non-U.S. citizens detained under federal authorities was recently signed into law.

Conceptualization of a Health Care Coalition Framework in Georgia Based on the Existing Regional Coordinating Hospital Infrastructure

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis Harris ◽  
Tawny Waltz ◽  
James Patrick O’Neal ◽  
Kelly Nadeau ◽  
Matthew Crumpton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Community Health Centers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Care Community ◽  
Department Of Health

AbstractThe watershed events of September 11, 2001; the anthrax attacks; Hurricane Katrina; and H1N1 necessitated that the United States define alternative mechanisms for disaster response. Specifically, there was a need to shift from a capacity building approach to a capabilities based approach that would place more emphasis on the health care community rather than just first responders. Georgia responded to this initiative by creating a Regional Coordinating Hospital (RCH) infrastructure that was responsible for coordinating regional responses within their individual geographic footprint. However, it was quickly realized that hospitals could not accomplish community-wide preparedness as a single entity and that siloed planning must come to an end. To reconcile this issue, Georgia responded to the 2012 US Department of Health and Human Services concept of coalitions. Georgia utilized the existing RCH boundaries to define its coalition regions and began inviting all medical and nonmedical response partners to the planning table (nursing homes, community health centers, volunteer groups, law enforcement, etc). This new collaboration effectively enhanced emergency response practices in Georgia, but also identified additional preparedness-related gaps that will require attention as our coalitions continue to grow and mature.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:174–179)

Random Acts of Violence? Examining Probabilistic Independence of the Temporal Distribution of Mass Killing Events in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1014-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. King ◽  
Sheldon H. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contagion Effect ◽  
Mass Killing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mass Killings ◽  
Over Time

Recent mass killings, such as those in Newtown, Connecticut, and Aurora, Colorado, have brought new attention to mass killings in the United States. This article examines 323 mass killings taking place between January 1, 2006, and October 4, 2016, to assess how they are distributed over time. In particular, we find that they appear to be uniformly distributed over time, which suggests that their rate has remained stable over the past decade. Moreover, analysis of subsets of these mass killings sharing a common trait (e.g., family killings, public killings) suggests that they exhibit a memoryless property, suggesting that mass killing events within each category are random in the sense that the occurrence of a mass killing event does not signal whether another mass killing event is imminent. However, the same memoryless property is not found when combining all mass killings into a single analysis, consistent with earlier research that found evidence of a contagion effect among mass killing events. Because of the temporal randomness of public mass killings and the wide geographic area over which they can occur, these results imply that these events may be best addressed by systemic infrastructure-based interventions that deter such events, incorporate resiliency into the response system, or impede such events until law enforcement can respond when they do occur.

Toward the Twenty-First Century: Law Enforcement Training Now and Then

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara G. Cox ◽  
Richter H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
National Study ◽  
Law Enforcement Training ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
Twenty First Century

The twenty-first century will present challenges to law enforcement that will make the past years' look tame. Society will become increasingly multi-cultural and multilingual; we are far more heterogeneous than ever before. During the recent decades, we have experienced population growth, racial diversity, and increased ethnicity in our society. Twenty-first century law enforcement must be prepared to deal with the diversities and complexness of our ever changing society. Qualified law enforcement personnel with adequate educational backgrounds and sufficient training is a necessity to meet the challenges they will face each day. This National Study will provide some ideas on law enforcement training and education in the United States and some insight of whether present standards will meet the twenty-first century needs.

Policeman’s competence as a component of his administrative and legal status: experience of the Baltic countries and the USA

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Khrystyna Solntseva
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Police Powers ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Police System ◽  
National Police ◽  
Police Activity

Problem setting. The priority of law enforcement agencies of any developed country is to ensure law and order, protect individuals, society and the state from crime, and combat crime. These functions stand out among others in the regulatory framework and are the starting point for the activities of the country's law enforcement system. However, it is fair to say that the extent to which primary and secondary police powers are exercised varies considerably across countries. The level of its efficiency depends on it to a greater extent. Having embarked on the path of European integration, Ukraine has adopted a lot of new things into the legal basis of the National Police of Ukraine, however, there is a need for further implementation of legal norms in national legislation. Target of research. The purpose of the study is to analyze the police powers in the United States, Ukraine and the Baltic countries, the search for new models of policing for further implementation in Ukrainian legislation. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Significant contribution to the study of the organization and legal support of policing in the world, its importance in ensuring public safety, areas of strategic development of the police have made such scientists as Bugaychuk K. L., Chumak V. V, Mashutina E. V., Filstein M. V. etc. Article’s main body. Police activities in Ukraine, first of all, is regulated by the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» (02.07. 2015). It defines the principles of police activity, the police system, the measures applied by police officers, police powers, etc. Police powers are disclosed in the regulations quite fully and clearly, there is a division into basic, due to the appointment of a police body, and additional, which can be determined only by law. Nevertheless, the problem lies in the uncertainty of these powers given the police system. Given problems related to the normative component of policing, it is appropriate and relevant to refer to the foreign practice of the police, in particular to identify some features of their competence. We suggest that police competence is understood as a set of rights and responsibilities of a police officer, as well as the services provided by him. Analysing the experience of the Latvian police, it is necessary to note the differentiation of the police body depending on the field of activity and direct subordination. The Latvian police system has the following police units: the State Police, the Security Police, the Self-Government Police and the Port Police. Police activity in Lithuania has certain features of the stages of reforming the Lithuanian police such as depoliticization, professional development of the law enforcement system, active fight against corruption, provision of law enforcement services to the population, cooperation with the European community, deepening integration processes of internal security. Conclusions and prospects for the development. It is appropriate to establish a legal definition of each structural unit of the police and their main powers, as well as to propose the division of police powers depending on their rights, responsibilities and services. Specific changes should concern both the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» and bylaws, in particular the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 04.06.2007 «On approval of the list of paid services provided by units … of the National Police», the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 28.10.2015. «On approval of the Regulations on the National Police».

Access to Justice for Immigrants Who are Victimized: The Perspectives of Police and Prosecutors

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Davis ◽  
Edna Erez ◽  
Nancy Avitabile
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Police Chiefs ◽  
The Past

The increased diversity of the U.S. population poses special challenges to the criminal justice system. High levels of immigration to the United States within the past decade require that law enforcement and court organizations understand the concerns of crime victims who are recent immigrants, and facilitate meaningful access to the justice system. Employing survey methodology, this research describes the barriers that immigrants encounter in accessing justice, as they emerged from the responses of police chiefs and prosecutors in the 50 largest cities of the United States. Criminal justice officials believe that failure to report crimes and to cooperate in their prosecution is a significant problem, especially for domestic violence offenses. The results suggest that many metropolitan areas have made some efforts to promote participation of immigrant victims in the criminal justice system. But far more needs to be done to ensure access to justice for this growing segment of society.

International Research and Variation in Views of Ethnicity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Ella Inglebret ◽  
Amy Skinder-Meredith ◽  
Shana Bailey ◽  
Carla Jones ◽  
Ashley France
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Classification System ◽  
International Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Scale ◽  
Publication Patterns

The authors in this article first identify the extent to which research articles published in three American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) journals included participants, age birth to 18 years, from international backgrounds (i.e., residence outside of the United States), and go on to describe associated publication patterns over the past 12 years. These patterns then provide a context for examining variation in the conceptualization of ethnicity on an international scale. Further, the authors examine terminology and categories used by 11 countries where research participants resided. Each country uses a unique classification system. Thus, it can be expected that descriptions of the ethnic characteristics of international participants involved in research published in ASHA journal articles will widely vary.

Proportion of Individuals With Past-Year Suicidal Ideation Who Attempted Suicide Over the Past 10 Years in the United States, and the Influence of Age and Sex

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shannon Lange ◽  
Courtney Bagge ◽  
Charlotte Probst ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Age Category

Abstract. Background: In recent years, the rate of death by suicide has been increasing disproportionately among females and young adults in the United States. Presumably this trend has been mirrored by the proportion of individuals with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. Aim: We aimed to investigate whether the proportion of individuals in the United States with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide differed by age and/or sex, and whether this proportion has increased over time. Method: Individual-level data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2008–2017, were used to estimate the year-, age category-, and sex-specific proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. We then determined whether this proportion differed by age category, sex, and across years using random-effects meta-regression. Overall, age category- and sex-specific proportions across survey years were estimated using random-effects meta-analyses. Results: Although the proportion was found to be significantly higher among females and those aged 18–25 years, it had not significantly increased over the past 10 years. Limitations: Data were self-reported and restricted to past-year suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Conclusion: The increase in the death by suicide rate in the United States over the past 10 years was not mirrored by the proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide during this period.

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