The characteristics of institutional R&D investment in the STEM field under policy streams over time

2021 ◽  
pp. 147821032098638
Author(s):  
Youngsik Hwang
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Development Expenditure ◽  
The Government ◽  
D Investment ◽  
Over Time

The STEM field has contributed significantly to the development of society because its findings result in new technology, which gives people more efficient tools and methods for a better standard of living. Postsecondary institutions have trained STEM field graduates through advanced curricula and learning environments. Compared to other academic fields, STEM requires more monetary support for research from the institution or the government because STEM research often requires expensive equipment installation or the introduction of new technologies. This paper overviews institutional support for STEM education and research by the regime of recent U.S. governments and examines the characteristics of R&D (research and development) expenditure. The results indicate that the R&D expenditures of the STEM field show continuous support for the different type of institutions, regardless of governments over time. However, they have tried to diversify the R&D investment by the type of R&D field and institutional type. Even though the government has tried to increase the total size of R&D expenditure through various resources, they still need to consider the equity and diversity issues for even further R&D investment strategies. A further research direction would search for the detailed action and strategies to support the STEM field according to their types of support or expectation.

Investment Strategies for Sourcing a New Technology in the Presence of a Mature Technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Hsiao-Hui Lee
Keyword(s):  
Operations Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Investment Strategy ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Cost Shifting ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

To stay competitive, high-technology manufacturers not only frequently source new technologies from their suppliers, but also financially support the development of these new technologies into component products or production tools. We consider a manufacturer that can either source a new but immature technology from a financially constrained supplier, or source a mature technology from an existing supplier if and only if the development of the new technology fails. To support the new technology, the manufacturer can choose to inject capital in the form of an equity or loan. The investment strategy not only affects the new supplier’s development effort and the probability of technical success (PTS), but also affects the existing supplier’s effort to improve the mature technology, which presents the manufacturer with a trade-off. Following the debt financing literature, we find that a loan contract is associated with a cost-shifting effect and often leads to a higher PTS. However, because the manufacturer not only maintains an investment but also a procurement relationship with the new supplier, we find a profit-sharing effect associated with an equity investment, which does not exist in the traditional equity issuance literature. In particular, we show that the profit-sharing effect can dominate the cost-shifting effect and lead to a higher PTS when the new supplier’s technological capability is sufficiently high. Nonetheless, we also show that the strategy that derives a higher PTS does not necessarily generate a higher payoff for the manufacturer. On the one hand, a loan can be preferred even when it leads to a lower PTS because the cost-shifting effect allows the manufacturer to offer a sufficiently low procurement payment while maintaining a sufficiently high PTS. On the other hand, when the existing supplier is very capable of reducing its costs, a loan can over-incentivize the new supplier to exert excessive effort and backfire. This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management.

ANALISIS FAKTOR KEPERCAYAAN TERHADAP TEKNOLOGI PADA KEINGINAN MASYARAKAT DALAM MENGADOPSI E-VOTING

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anik Hanifatul Azizah
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Actual System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Voting System ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

[Id]Berkembangnya penggunaan mesin e-voting dan meningkatnya penerapan pemilu dalam jaringan (daring) mengindikasikan bahwa masyarakat percaya akan performansi teknologi informasi dalam meningkatkan proses pemilu. Kesuksesan implementasi teknologi informasi mutlak dibutuhkan, Sebagai dukungan kesuksesan tersebut diperlukan analisis yang mendalam. Sebelum mengimplementasikan teknologi e-voting, pemerintah perlu mengetahui tingkat kesediaan (willingness) masyarakat untuk menggunakan teknologi baru. Tingkatan tertentu bahwa ekspektasi seseorang dapat terpenuhi dengan baik adalah definisi dari kepercayaan (trust). Kepercayaan masyarakat teridentifikasi sebagai faktor utama untuk mempengaruhi niat/ kemauan masyarakat menggunakan sebuah teknologi. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh dari faktor kepercayaan terhadap niat untuk menggunakan e-voting. Penelitian ini mengusulkan sebuah model yang menggambarkan niat masyarakat untuk menggunakan e-voting (Intention to use) dengan mengidentifikasi kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap teknologi (trust of technology). Trust dibagi menjadi beberapa faktor yang lebih spesifik. Kuisioner kertas disebarkan kepada 370 masyarakat negara Indonesia dan 346 di antaranya valid. Kuisioner disebarkan secara langsung oleh surveyor kepada masyarakat yang telah memiliki hak pilih dan disebar secara merata kepada golongan umur yang bervariasi, serta tingkat Pendidikan maupun profesi yang beragam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi Trust of Technology (TOT) dapat meningkatkan niat masyarakat untuk menggunakan e-voting (Intention to Use E-voting - ITU). Ditemukan juga beberapa faktor dapat mempengaruhi pengaruh positif terhadap kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap teknologi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah diharapkan untuk memperhatikan fakto-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepercayaan masyarakat yang berujung niat dan kemauan masyarakat untuk menggunakan e-voting sebelum menerapkan e-voting tersebut.Kata Kunci: Kepercayaan, Keinginan, Keamanan, Validitas, Pemilu.[En]Increasing adoption of the electronic voting machine and rising pilot testing of internet voting suggests people believe that ICT can improve the electoral process. Since every new technology adoption needs to achieve successful implementation, deeper analysis on several sides was needed to support it. Before implementing a particular e-voting technology, the government needs to know the level of citizen willingness to adopt those new technologies. The expectancy that promise of an individual or group can be relied upon is defined as trust. The citizen trust can be identified by certain factors that lead to intention to use actual system. This study analyzes the impact of trustworthiness on citizen intention to use e-voting system in a developing country. The research proposes a model of e-voting adoption intention by investigating citizen trustworthiness from trust of technology (TOT). The trust was expanded to more specific unique factors. Offline questionnaires were spreaded to 370 respondents and 346 of them were valid. Questionnaires were distributed directly by surveyors to people who have the right to vote and distributed equally for a wide range of ages, as well as varying levels of education and professions. The results indicate that higher TOT increase citizen intention to use e-voting, and also several key determinants have positive influence on the citizen trust. This result suggested that government should first comply with several factors in citizen trustworthiness before conducting an e-voting system.

ON-FARM INNOVATION IN THE AUSTRALIAN WOOL INDUSTRY: A SENSEMAKING PERSPECTIVE

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOANNE N. SNEDDON ◽  
GEOFFREY N. SOUTAR ◽  
TIM MAZZAROL
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Agricultural Innovation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Australian Wool ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Wool Industry

SUMMARYIn agricultural innovation, the success of widely used technologies is often assumed to have been inevitable. Conversely, the blame for the failure of new technologies that researchers, policy makers and extensionists consider superior to existing solutions is often placed on farmers. However, these assumptions can be challenged by taking a social-constructivist view of on-farm innovation to examine how and why farmers made sense of new technologies and how this sensemaking shaped their use of these technologies over time. The present study took such an approach in its analysis of Australian woolgrowers’ adoption, abandonment, implementation and use of new wool-testing technologies that highlighted the social and dynamic nature of innovation on-farm. On-farm innovation in this case was an evolving, dynamic process that changed over time as woolgrowers made sense of new technologies. The primary message to agricultural innovation researchers, technology developers, policy makers and extensionists is that successful on-farm innovation requires the active, ongoing engagement of industry participants. In order to engage industry participants in the innovation process, sensemakers’ personal identity frames and social context, and how these interpretation frameworks relate to the new technology need to be understood.

Stakeholder response to abandonment challenges in Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Askew ◽  
Andrew Lea-Cox
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Technology Skills ◽  
Regulatory Uncertainty ◽  
Social Concerns ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government

Australia’s early efforts in field abandonment have been limited in comparison to more mature basins, but have proven both complex and high cost, with delayed approvals caused by regulatory uncertainty and social concerns. Three underlying challenges impact operators and government and require action on both sides to resolve: (1) increasing size and scale of decommissioning liability, (2) limited understanding of challenges and cost drivers, and (3) uncertainty of regulations and taxes. Abandonment expenditure is expected to accelerate, with most industry companies already active and more companies expected to abandon in the future (e.g. Gippsland, North Carnarvon). Between 2017 and 2030, the overall impact of decommissioning is estimated to be ~US$5.5 billion, with the government taking up to 60% of this cost through taxes and liabilities. Many companies are looking to upgrade abandonment capabilities and take advantage of new technologies and approaches to reduce costs (although they seem to be struggling to bring programs forward in this period of lower prices). Some companies look to sell assets to late-life operators who tend to be smaller with less abandonment experience and capabilities. In an environment where regulations remain unclear and there is a lack of technology, skills and knowledge around abandonment, the industry is facing unprecedented challenges. Through strategic cost reduction, new technology and operating models, we believe costs could be optimised by a further 10–35%. The industry, National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA) and government have started engaging to clarify uncertainty in abandonment regulations. This will require an unbiased process that balances value and risk to all stakeholders and avoids the taxpayer bearing increased costs/rebates from inefficiencies.

New Technology for the Classroom

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liston William Bailey
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Educational Leaders ◽  
Educational Technologies ◽  
Tutoring Systems ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
And Robotics ◽  
Over Time

New developments in educational technologies are making it possible for teachers to bring technology into the classroom more than ever before. This chapter provides an overview of educational technologies related to mobile devices, artificial intelligence, intelligent tutoring systems, and robotics. As developments in computer technologies advance over time educators will need to cultivate better understanding and skills for using technology with a well conceptualized instructional design. Concepts are offered here to further discussions on how new technologies will support persistent and personalized learning in the not too distant future. Educational leaders must begin to think about on how to incorporate different technologies as well as potential resource constraints that school systems need to consider in order to achieve broader educational technology integration goals.

Demystifying Disruption: On the Hazard of Being Replaced by New Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Ashish Sood ◽  
Gerard J. Tellis
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Large Scale Study ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
The Times ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In many industries, new technologies represent a serious threat to established companies. If underestimated, they can endanger their survival. Even if the chances of being disrupted are rather low, companies are well advised to watch out for emerging trends. A large-scale study analyzed the technological evolution of seven markets over several decades and found surprising results, which were not always in line with the most common theories on the topic. The researcher observed that it was not always easy to predict which technology would ultimately prevail because old and new technologies regularly coexisted for some time and evolution was often erratic. New technologies were introduced both by incumbents and newcomers to the market. Chances of success were higher when the new technology was priced lower than the established technology, but price was less important than quality. Technologies with higher introduction prices also succeeded when they were superior. New technologies always introduced new dimensions of importance, which gained importance in competition over time. In many cases it was not the pioneer who ultimately succeeded with the new technology. It seems important to believe and invest in new technology, and to not abandon it too early. Further, companies might consider a “self-cannibalization strategy” during the times of transition from the old to the new technology.

scholarly journals PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP PENGEDAR NARKOTIKA DENGAN BERAT NETTO 36 GRAM (STUDI KASUS: PUTUSAN PENGADILAN NEGERI JAKARTA SELATAN NOMOR 637/Pid.sus/2015/PN.JKT.SEL)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1429
Author(s):  
Clarissa Meidy Paulus ◽  
Dian Andriawan Daeng Tawang
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Drug Laws ◽  
Drug Offenders ◽  
Drug Law ◽  
Drug Law Enforcement ◽  
The Government ◽  
Illicit Trafficking ◽  
The Impact

Due to a rise in cases related to narcotics in Indonesia, the government is stiffening penalties for drug offences. Now, anyone who violates certain drug laws in the nation may end up serving a minimum of four years prison time. Depending on the severity of the violations, the government may even sentence more drug offenders to death. Examines the impact of globalization and new technology on the narcotics industry. Examines the challenges that new technologies, such as the internet, pose to drug law enforcement.  Illicit trafficking of narcotics has been very widespread in Indonesia, Similarly, what happens in this case, someone who ordered narcotics from America-Indonesia. This transaction is done online, But in this case the judge handed down the rehabilitation decision to the narcotics dealer. The order made by the defendant is narcotics with a net weight of 36.1318 grams. From the results of this study based on interviews conducted if giving narcotics to other people with or without the transaction can already be declared as a dealer. Millions of people are affected by drugs in Indonesia. According to the National Agency for Narcotics (BNN), one million people are addicted to drugs with little chance of recovery. Around 1.6 million people occasionally take drugs while 1.4 million are regularly consumers.

scholarly journals Can Technological Development affect positively Employment Policy?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar H. Al-Saleh ◽  
Martin B. Allen
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Technology Changes ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

It is known about the role of technological factors in HR. Technology changes the world of business and transforms the labor market. This work focuses in particular on the impact of new technologies to provide employment to workers, as well as self-employment. There are clear possibilities and wider use of digital tools. The government, companies and individuals today can benefit greatly from new "digital jobs" and from the use of digital tools. However, technology also brings risks. Some jobs can be digitized to varying degrees, and some workers or part of their functions are replaced with new technology. The ability to take advantage of these opportunities will vary from individual to individual; workers with higher skill levels are more likely to benefit, while those with lower levels of skills may be less willing to private new technologies, and therefore may be more at risk of poorer quality of work and even loss of work. Moreover, it seems that the larger the technology gap between domestic and foreign establishments. Available online at https://int-scientific-journals.com

New Technologies and the Interplay between Certainty and Reasonableness

2018 ◽  
pp. 317-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Blank
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Law Of Armed Conflict ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
Legal Regimes ◽  
The Law ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Over Time

Underlying ongoing and intensive efforts to understand how the law of armed conflict (LOAC) does, could, and should apply to the use of new technologies is an equally comprehensive effort to understand precisely what these new weapons are and how they work. Many new technologies introduce unique questions for human understanding, often driven and exacerbated by the fact that the technology is out of sight or out of reach of human senses, making actual concrete understanding of how it works challenging and elusive. Effective legal analysis and guidance for the use of any weapon rests on an accurate understanding of how that weapon works. This uncertainty and quest for more determinative information about the nature of certain new technologies has the potential for unintended and possibly untoward effects on the very implementation and application of the law itself—in effect, it has the potential to change the law. As in many other legal regimes, critical components of legal analysis and interpretation in LOAC involve reasonableness: that is, whether the actions of a commander were reasonable in the circumstances prevailing at the time. In contrast, the need to understand how a new technology works and what it might do in a given situation, particularly with regard to autonomy, is not an inquiry resting on reasonableness, but rather on the desire for as much certainty as possible. This chapter examines how the development and use of new technologies in weapons may impact the balance between reasonableness and certainty in LOAC, in particular whether a quest for certainty will bleed over into the application and interpretation of the law and, over time, affect the development and understanding of the law itself.

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