scholarly journals Dose uniformity of budesonide Easyhaler® under simulated real-life conditions and with low inspiration flow rates

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Haikarainen ◽  
Paula Rytilä ◽  
Sirkku Roos ◽  
Sirpa Metsärinne ◽  
Anita Happonen
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Dry Powder Inhaler ◽  
Dose Delivery ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Dose Uniformity ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Delivered Dose

Budesonide Easyhaler® multidose dry powder inhaler is approved for the treatment of asthma. Objectives were to determine the delivered dose (DD) uniformity of budesonide Easyhaler® in simulated real-world conditions and with different inspiration flow rates (IFRs). Three dose delivery studies were performed using 100, 200, and 400 µg/dose strengths of budesonide. Dose uniformity was assessed during in-use periods of 4–6 months after exposure to high temperature (30°C) and humidity (60% relative humidity) and after dropping and vibration testing. The influence of various IFRs (31, 43, and 54 L/min) on the DD was also investigated. Acceptable dose uniformity was declared when mean DD were within 80–120% of expected dose; all data reported descriptively. DD was constant (range: 93–109% of expected dose) at all in-use periods and after exposure to high temperature and humidity for a duration of up to 6 months. DD post-dropping and -vibration were unaffected (range 98–105% of expected dose). Similarly, DD was constant and within 10% of expected dose across all IFRs. Results indicate that budesonide Easyhaler® delivers consistently accurate doses in various real-life conditions. Budesonide Easyhaler® can be expected to consistently deliver a uniform dose and improve asthma control regardless of high temperature and humidity or varying IFR.

Effect of Relative Humidity, Temperature and Gaseous and Particulate Contaminations on Information Technology Equipment Reliability

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabjit Singh ◽  
Levente Klein ◽  
Dereje Agonafer ◽  
Jimil M. Shah ◽  
Kanan D. Pujara
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Equipment Reliability ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

The energy used by information technology (IT) equipment and the supporting data center equipment keeps rising as data center proliferation continues unabated. In order to contain the rising computing costs, data center administrators are resorting to cost cutting measures such as not tightly controlling the temperature and humidity levels and in many cases installing air side economizers with the associated risk of introducing particulate and gaseous contaminations into their data centers. The ASHRAE TC9.9 subcommittee, on Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment, has accommodated the data center administrators by allowing short period excursions outside the recommended temperature-humidity range, into allowable classes A1-A3. Under worst case conditions, the ASHRAE A3 envelope allows electronic equipment to operate at temperature and humidity as high as 24°C and 85% relative humidity for short, but undefined periods of time. This paper addresses the IT equipment reliability issues arising from operation in high humidity and high temperature conditions, with particular attention paid to the question of whether it is possible to determine the all-encompassing x-factors that can capture the effects of temperature and relative humidity on equipment reliability. The role of particulate and gaseous contamination and the aggravating effects of high temperature and high relative humidity will be presented and discussed. A method to determine the temperature and humidity x-factors, based on testing in experimental data centers located in polluted geographies, will be proposed.

scholarly journals Temperature and Humidity Affect Pillowy Fruit Disorder in Cucumber

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 822-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. Staub ◽  
John P. Navazio
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Growing Environment

A study was designed to determine whether temperature alone or temperature and relative humidity (RH) interactions affect the development of pillowy fruit disorder (PFD) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Fruit of `Calypso', `Flurry', `Carolina'? and inbred breeding line 39 were matured in four environments: cyclic and high (22 to 45C) and moderate (22 to 30C) temperatures at two RHs (35% and 75%). PFD symptoms were most severe at high temperature and RH; thus, both contribute to the development of this disorder. Line 39 had the highest PFD ratings, regardless of growing environment, a result indicating that cultigens respond differently to these imposed stresses.

scholarly journals Maintaining Impatiens Seed Quality

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 867F-867
Author(s):  
David Cross ◽  
Roger Styer
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

Impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook.f.) flower seeds are believed to be sensitive to storage temperature and humidity conditions. A study was conducted to evaluate seed quality changes occurring during a 1-year period of storage under various temperature and humidity combinations. Four seed lots of `Super Elfin Red' and `Super Elfin White' impatiens were studied. Constant humidity treatments were obtained using saturated salt solutions; 15% relative humidity (RH) with LiCI, 25% RH with KAc, 33% RH with MgCl2, and 43% RH with K2CO3. Constant temperature treatments were 5, 15, and 22C. At 3-month intervals, replicate samples were sown in plug flats in the greenhouse. Seed quality was evaluated as the percentage of usable seedlings 21 days from sowing. Rapid deterioration of seed quality was seen under high temperature and high humidity storage conditions. Seeds became less sensitive to humidity at 5C. Conditions of 20% to 25% RH and 5C are recommended for impatiens seed storage.

Copper Oxidation Via “Ex-Situ” TEM

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (S2) ◽  
pp. 378-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Kliewer ◽  
M.M. Disko ◽  
S.L. Soled ◽  
G. DeMartin ◽  
J. Baumgartner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Copper Oxidation ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Metal Islands ◽  
And Control

The ability to understand and control the microstructure of materials under “real life” conditions is of great interest to both the scientific and industrial communities. In recent years, a variety of “ex-situ” TEM methods have been developed to improve this knowledge base.ExxonMobil's dedicated reactor system developed for “ex-situ” TEM was used to study the oxidation and reduction of copper on a carbon film and Cu on a Si support. By following the oxidation of specific Cu particles, it was possible to illustrate the oxidation process. A standard, commercially available, 200 mesh Cu grid covered with a holey C support film was used for the Cu on C study. Small Cu islands were vapor deposited from the grid onto the C film during a high temperature reduction in the reactor (Figure 1). The grid was transferred under inert conditions into the TEM where the Cu metal islands were imaged (Figure 2a).

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