Television Station Ownership in the United States: A Comprehensive Study (1940–2005)

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-78
Author(s):  
Herbert H. Howard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Media Ownership ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
Radio Broadcasting ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Group Ownership

Multiple-station, or group, ownership is a long established characteristic of broadcasting in the United States. It exists whenever a single organization owns more than one station or one medium. Through the efficiencies of operation of multiple outlets, or economies of scale, group media companies usually enjoy financial benefits that are not available to single medium operators. Thus, a long-term trend toward consolidation has prevailed throughout the history of the radio broadcasting industry. Television owners quickly adopted the practice, which has expanded steadily, as regulations have permitted ever since. The three forms of multiple ownership — Group ownership, Duopoly ownership, and Cross-media ownership are analyzed in this study. Particularly, this study provides (1) a statistical-historical account of the development of multiple-station ownership in the TV industry from 1940 to 2005; and (2) a historical account and analysis of the government's regulatory actions on media ownership during the same period. This study explores thus, the ownership consolidation and industry regulation that continue to be significant issues for the media industries with on-going implications.

The Social History of Alcohol as Portrayed in the Comics up to the End of the Prohibition Era

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Lambert ◽  
Stephen Israelstam
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Comic Strips ◽  
Daily Newspapers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media

The mass media tend to shape the values and opinions of their audience as well as reflect the culture in which they exist. The comics have long been an integral part of the media, appealing to a wide range of age and social class. As such, they could have considerable effect on attitudes and behaviours regarding alcohol consumption. In this paper, we examine the comic strips appearing in the daily newspapers before, during and up to the end of the Prohibition era in the United States, to see how alcohol was portrayed during this period when its manufacture and sale were prohibited.

scholarly journals Welcome to Havana, Mr Corleone: Issues of media ownership and control

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Mc Chesney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Media Ownership ◽  
Media System ◽  
The Media ◽  
Communication Needs ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

In the United States the media system is set up to maximise profit for a relative handful of large companies. The system works well for them, but it is a disaster for the communication needs of a healthy and self-governing society. The problem is not with the poorly trained or unethical journalists; in fact, I suspect they may well be as talented and ethical as any generation of journalists in memory. It is the context journalists work in that is the problem. 

At the Speed of Sound

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek W. Vaillant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Radio Broadcasting ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

This chapter sketches the history of U.S–French electronic communications prior to the rise of U.S.–French radio broadcasting. Focusing primarily on France, it analyzes the anticipatory and reactive discourses to live interwar transatlantic broadcast connectivity with the United States. The period saw two contrasting, nationally inflected techno-aesthetics take shape in America and France that defined excellence in radio. In America, technological power, abundance, and high-speed execution demonstrated professional competence and efficiency. The French emphasized quality, accepted scarcity, and valued deliberate speed. More than extensions of preexisting differences in U.S. and French cultural conventions these broadcast paradigms emerged relationally and cross-nationally to shape the future of U.S.–French broadcast interaction and the character of an evolving international medium.

Fat Is a Social Justice Issue, Too

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Cooper Stoll
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Discrimination In Employment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Politics ◽  
Employment Education

Empirical evidence continues to show that like other historically marginalized groups, fat people experience discrimination in employment, education, the media, politics, interpersonal relationships, and especially health care. Yet, despite the fact that fatphobia in the United States has always been intimately connected to other systems of oppression like sexism, racism, and classism, those of us who identify as critical sociologists so often exclude it from our analyses. We fail to acknowledge that fat is a social justice issue, too. In this article, I argue that fatphobia is a system of oppression worthy of greater theoretical and empirical consideration in humanist sociology. I begin by providing a brief history of the ways fat has been pathologized and medicalized in the United States. I then discuss some of the ways fat is connected with gender, race, and class in particular. Finally, I offer some strategies for how critical sociologists can move forward, including suggestions for engaging in fat activism.

The Creation of the Uniform Crime Report

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-238
Author(s):  
Lawrence Rosen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data System ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Uniform Crime Reporting ◽  
Controversial Nature

The introduction of the Uniform Crime Reporting system (UCR) in 1930 remains one of the most important events in the history of criminal statistics in the United States. Based on local police reports, it is the oldest extant national crime data system in the United States, with the possible exception of prison statistics. It continues to be a vitally important data system because of its extensive use by scholars, social critics, governmental organizations and the media, and as such it has made a major contribution to our understanding of crime in the United States in the last half century. The UCR has also had its share of controversy, involving not only scientific issues of validity and reliability, but the possibility of covert agendas on the part of the police and the FBI to foster an image of effective law enforcement. Despite its importance and controversial nature there is no single objective and definitive written history documenting the beginnings of the UCR. That which exists tends to be brief and superficial, and at times even ideologically biased (Leonard 1954; Maltz 1977; Sherman et al. 1982; Thompson 1968; U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation 1940).

4. International

2014 ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Mike Cronin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
International Competition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Olympic Games

The first recorded international sporting fixture was a cricket match between the United States and Canada in New York in 1844. ‘International’ shows that once sporting organizations, the media, and even politicians began to realize the value of international competition it spread quickly from sport to sport. Groups of national federations came together to form international federations that governed their particular sport, and arranged and sanctioned international competitions. Such organizations included the International Rugby Board (founded 1886), International Olympic Committee (1894), and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (1904). The history of the IOC, the Olympic Games, and their political and financial aspects are described, including the boycotts of the 1970s and 1980s.

scholarly journals a Literary History of Mental Captivity in the United States. Blood Meridian, Wise Blood, and Contemporary Political Discourse

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-97
Author(s):  
Manuel Broncano Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Literary History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blood Meridian ◽  
The World ◽  
Wise Blood ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
A Chain

On July 15, 2018, US President Donald Trump and Russia President Vladimir Putin held a summit in Helsinki that immediately set off a chain reaction throughout the world. By now, barely two months later, that summit is all but forgotten for the most part, superseded by the frantic train of events and the subsequent bombardment from the media that have become the “new normal.” While the iron secrecy surrounding the conversation between the two dignitaries allowed for all kinds of speculation, the image of president Trump bowing to his Russian counterpart (indeed a treasure trove for semioticians) became for many observers in the US and across the world the living proof of Mr. Trump´s subservient allegiance to Mr. Putin and his obscure designs. Even some of the most recalcitrant GOPs vented quite publicly their disgust at the sight of a president paying evident homage to the archenemy of the United States, as Vercingetorix kneeled down before Julius Cesar in recognition of the Gaul´s surrender to the might of the Roman Empire. For some arcanereason, the whole episode of the Helsinki summit brought to my mind, as in a vivid déjà vu, Cormac McCarthy´s novel Blood Meridian and more specifically, the characters of Judge Holden and the idiotic freak who becomes Holden´s ludicrous disciple in the wastelands of Arizona. In my presentation, I will provide some possible explanations as to why I came to blend these two unrelated episodes into a single continuum. In the process, I will briefly revisit some key texts in the American canon that fully belong in the history of “mental captivity” in the United States, yet to be written. Obviously, I am not in hopes of deciphering the ultimate reasons for current US foreign policy, and the more modest aim of my presentation today is to offer some insights into the general theme of our conference through a novel and a textual tradition overpopulated with “captive minds.”

scholarly journals Press freedom and media ownership are factors that influence media performance: comparative analysis of these factors in USA and Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Modu Alh. Bukar Bukar ◽  
Mohammed Kaka ◽  
Mai Dunoma Zannah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
State Control ◽  
Media Ownership ◽  
The Press ◽  
Media Institutions ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government

The paper is to examine the influence of press freedom and media ownership in the performance of the media institutions in the United States of America and Federal Republic of Nigeria. However, in order to set for such discourse there is indispensable need to review some of the normative theories of the media, which will enable us to locate the appropriate principles guiding the operation of the media in each countries under study. The subdivided into: Abstract, Introduction, Normative Theories of the press, press freedom in United States, press freedom in Nigeria (democracy and press freedom, freedom of information act and conclusion). The analysis concludes that, The United States even has provision in their law and constitution forbidding state interference in the area of information content and dissemination. In Nigeria however, the state control society including the mass media. In this regard, whether media are owned by public or private individuals, they are only meant to service the government in power and were forbidden to criticize the government or its functionaries. The paper recommends that, For Nigerian press to be free the country should militate the all laws or factors that against the press freedom and Members of the Nigerian press must adhere to the ethics of the profession, in order to compete with others freers press of the other countries.

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