The Unidirectionality of Grammaticalization in Modern Linguistics

The present article contains the results of study on unidirectionality of grammaticalization which is understood as a shift from lexical to grammatical signs. The research aims to find out and describe present approaches to the unidirectionality idea and identify the current tendency in attitudes towards this property of grammaticalization. The research methodology includes a content analysis of approaches to the unidirectionality issue, their generalization and analysis of some units questioning the unidirectionality of grammaticalization. The relevance of grammaticalization studies is due to a growing interest of Russian and foreign linguists in grammatical changes, current differences in identifying the main properties of such change as grammaticalization and terminological variation. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the research by T. Givn, Ch. Lehmann, T. Lindstrm, E. Traugott, B. Heine and other famous linguists working in the field of grammaticalization. It is noted that the issue of unidirectionality of grammaticalization is almost ignored in Russian linguistics where unidirectionality is often seen as an integral property of this process. The study results have shown the tendency to accepting the unidirectionality idea and a controversial nature of some examples used to overturn this idea. Such examples include English infinitival to , the verb to dare and the suffix -ish . It has been established that the terms degrammaticalization and lexicalization used to refer to processes opposite to grammaticalization can be considered reasonable depending on their understanding and the meaning of the term grammaticalization. This study is a part of a more extensive research aimed to describe and analyze the mechanisms of grammaticalization in Germanic languages.

Monastic Education in Late Antiquity: New Concepts, New Approaches

В статье представлена рецензия на сборник Monastic Education in Late Antiquity: The Transformation of Classical 'Paideia' (под ред. Л. Ларсен и С. Рубенсона). Отмечается как методологическая новизна подхода авторов, включенных в сборник статей, так и противоречивость некоторых суждений и выводов. The article presents a review of the collective volume Monastic Education in Late Antiquity: The Transformation of Classical 'Paideia,' edited by L. Larsen and S. Rubenson. It emphasizes both the methodological novelty of the approaches of the authors and the controversial nature of some of their judgments and conclusions.

Constructivist approach in pedagogical science

The article examines the problems of constructivist understanding of education, the innovations, opportunities and limitations that the constructivist model of the pedagogical process offers. The aim of the work was to analyze the constructivist model of education and those innovations and prospects for understanding the modern educational process that the constructivist approach brings. Constructivism changes the view of teachers and other scientists and practitioners in their view of what is happening in the relations of people in education. Due to its controversial nature, the development of the ideas of constructivism in the context of the development of educational ideologies and technologies leads to the reconceptualization of the traditional model of education, and the constructionist model of education itself can and should become the object of systematic methodological, theoretical, empirical and applied research. Any of the educational approaches available now can be disclosed as an example of a constructivist model of education, the leading features of which are the dialogic nature of education, the focus on understanding the inner and outer world in dialogue with significant other people, the consideration of such a dialogue as a process of building a person's own life world and himself, as a creative "rediscovery" of the basic truths of human existence, as the adoption of socially and personally significant decisions in a situation of educational, professional, life choice.

Current Issues in Reforming the Institution of Acquisitive Prescription in Russia, England, Hong Kong and Australia

The author examines the problems of reforming the institution of acquisitive prescription in Russia, England, Hong Kong and Australia, and suggests some ways to solve them. The study was conducted with the aim of a detailed study of the institution of acquisitive prescription in continental and Anglo-American legal families. In addition, the author sets the goal of establishing the influence of foreign experience of changing the provisions on acquisitive prescription on the Russian reform of prescription ownership based on a comparative legal analysis of the already carried out legislative reform in England and the proposed changes in the real law of Russia, Hong Kong and Australia. The author makes conclusions on the controversial nature of the alleged provision on the rejection of the criterion of good faith of prescription ownership in Russia, on the narrowness of the declared goal of the Russian reform of the institution of acquisitive prescription; the indirect influence of the foreign experience of reforms in the jurisdictions of the Anglo-American legal system on the Russian reform of property law has been established.

At “Agora” agenda today: approaches to the study of translingual literature

This article is further cognitive step in a complex epistemological trajectory set by the research object “translingual literature”. This term, transported into Russian science from Western scientific discourse, still needs to be understood and clarified taking into account a number of extralinguistic factors of the post-Soviet space, which do not allow us to use it as an absolute equivalent of a scientific construct developed by foreign colleagues. After analyzing the corpus of scientific articles by leading scientists, we came to the conclusion that the deductive logic, which is guided by researchers from the far abroad, does not coincide with the principles that post-Soviet modernity dictates to us. Hence — the controversial nature of the article and its main goal: to consider the variety of approaches to translingual literature that are actively used in both Western and Russian science. Among the objectives of the paper — the formation of “navigation map” of approaches for researchers studying translingual literature both in Russia and abroad; substantiation of the basic differences between socio-cultural locales from which translingual literature grows; the formulation of a debatable question about the clarification of the usable hyponyms of the term in the post-Soviet space (Russian-language or Russophone literature). In our work, an attempt is made to answer these questions based on the extensive research context of foreign and Russian science.

The Theory of “Smart Regulation”: The Ideological and Historical Context of Formation

Introduction: the scientific interest in studying the specifics of the formation of the “smart regulation” theory is due to both its controversial nature, novelty, practical orientation, and a certain fragmentary coverage of relevant issues in Russian jurisprudence. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones are the general scientific dialectical, comparative law, logicalsyntactic methods, the semantic methods of cognition, as well as the methods of cause-and-effect analysis, forecasting, synthesis, and analysis. Results: the study reveals the theoretical background and socio-historical context of the emergence of the ideas of “smart regulation”, shows the features of their conceptualization and differences from previous scientific views on the phenomenon of legal regulation. The paper substantiates the conclusions about the need for an expanded interpretation of the ideological and theoretical foundations of “smart regulation”, whose specifics are due to the long tradition of the development of previous political and legal thought.

An ancient debate on urban renewal and built heritage: Dio Chrysostom and the city of Prusa

Scholarship on architecture and urbanism in antiquity has focused on building activity and investment in the fabric of cities as positive processes, typically starting from the assumption that such developments were welcomed by inhabitants – but were they? This article examines objections to urban renewal and the construction of monumental public building in the Roman world. Specifically, it focuses on the city of Prusa and the controversy surrounding the renovation of its civic centre by the local politician Dio Chrysostom in the early 2nd century AD. Using speeches and letters written at the time, the article presents both a new interpretation of this specific episode and brings to the fore the rarely articulated and yet highly controversial nature of building projects that are traditionally thought of as being beneficial. In the conclusion, we also see how this example contributes to research on the issue of heritage as a pre-modern phenomenon.

Historical, legal, ideological and political prerequisites for the formation and development of the institution of people’s control in the USSR

Introduction. The controversial nature of most of the aspects related to the content and essence of people’s control, the assessment of its historical role and significance in the system of state administration of the Soviet period, the effectiveness of legal regulation and the political problems of its implementation still arouses a genuine interest of the scientific community in the study of this phenomenon. Theoretical analysis. People’s control in the USSR was both a developed ideological and political concept and a real political and legal institution. The founder of the concept of people’s control was V. I. Lenin, who, in his numerous works, described a clear justification of its relevance in the conditions of socialist democracy. Empirical analysis. It was revealed that the process of development of the institution of people’s control in Soviet Russia was largely influenced by the worldview of the country’s top leadership, which demonstrated polymorphism of opinions on the role and significance of popular control in the system of socialist governance. There are three stages of formation and functioning of the system of people’s control in Soviet Russia, which had their organizational and institutional features. Results. The study of the ideological, political and historical and legal prerequisites for formation of popular control led to the conclusion that popular control was a specific institution characteristic of the socialist type of government. It passed a rather difficult historical path: from workers’ control in the first years of Soviet power to a very complex organizational and institutional system of state and public control in the last decades of the existence of the USSR.

Problematic issues in forensic structural engineering analysis of attributing work at construction sites to ongoing and heavy maintenance

The article is dedicated to solving issues posed to forensic experts while forensic structural engineering analysis (research), to determine the belonging of repair and construction work performed at construction facility (conducted or planned) to heavy or ongoing maintenance. Solution of issues encountered by forensic experts while conducting forensic structural engineering analyses as to attributing to a particular type of work (ongoing, heavy maintenance) is relevant for the theory and practice of forensic examinations and expert researches. Legislative acts, regulatory documents and other sources of information used when carrying out this type of research and being the basis for formation of final conclusions on performed researches have been analyzed. Discrepancies, uncertainty and complexity of data contained in these regulatory and information sources, their controversial nature, which complicates the choice of reference for these data and their use in solving expert tasks; and in particular cases it makes it impossible for forensic experts to formulate conclusions while forensic structural engineering analysis of these issues. Relying on the analysis of legislative acts, requirements for regulatory documents, as well as forensic expert practice, it has been concluded that it is needed to systematize and develop uniform methodological approaches to solve current tasks in forensic structural engineering to attribute types of repair and construction work to a specific classification.

Psychological Antecedents of Intentions to Participate in Last Chance Tourism: Considering Complementary Theories

Last chance tourism (LCT) has received significant attention within the academic literature and popular press because of its controversial nature of bringing travelers to threatened places. However, little theory has been applied to understand why travelers gravitate toward this controversial type of tourism. Hence, this work combines the value–belief–norm (VBN) model and theory of planned behavior (TPB) framework to explain intentions to participate in LCT. Survey data were collected from a national panel ( n = 436) of US travelers in 2019. A two-step modeling approach (confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling) was followed to examine psychometrics and hypothesized relationships between VBN constructs, TPB constructs, and intentions to participate in LCT. Of the 11 hypotheses examined, 10 were supported, with both theories combining to explain 61% of the variance in travelers’ intentions. The TPB construct of “social norms” was the best predictor of LCT intentions, emphasizing the conspicuous nature of LCT’s influence on demand.