Effects of Interviewer Support on Children’s Memory and Suggestibility: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Experimental Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Saywitz ◽  
Christine R. Wells ◽  
Rakel P. Larson ◽  
Sue D. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
The Press ◽  
Children's Memory ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Moderate Range

The accuracy of children’s reports of abuse has been hotly debated in the press, academia, and the courtroom. Yet, children’s accuracy depends, in part, on the context in which children are interviewed. Guidelines often recommend creating a supportive psychosocial context to promote open, honest responding; however, there is also concern that support promotes social desirability and acquiescence to suggestion, leading children to report more of what they perceive adults want to hear than the truth. The question remains as to whether there is a sufficient body of scientific research to determine whether interviewer supportiveness improves interview outcomes while minimizing children’s stress or whether it increases suggestibility and impairs accuracy. Using a systematic search strategy and meta-analyses, this study identifies and reviews findings from experimental studies of the effects of interviewer supportiveness on the accuracy of children’s reports. Although the number of studies in the evidence base is small ( n = 15), the studies are of relatively good quality. Results suggest noncontingent interviewer support bolsters children’s accuracy. Children are more resistant and less acquiescent to suggestive questions when interviewers are supportive as compared to nonsupportive or neutral. Effects are in the moderate range. Interviewer support is also associated with fewer errors on nonsuggestive questions. Discussion focuses on implications for practice; directions for future research; identifying vulnerable subgroups; and underlying cognitive, social, and emotional mechanisms.

A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses in Special Education: Exploring the Evidence Base for High-Leverage Practices

2021 ◽  
pp. 074193252110634
Author(s):  
Gena Nelson ◽  
Sara Cothren Cook ◽  
Kary Zarate ◽  
Sarah R. Powell ◽  
Daniel M. Maggin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Special Education Teachers ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based Practices ◽  
Intensive Instruction ◽  
Disability Categories ◽  
Meta Analyses

It is crucial that special education teachers are equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to improve outcomes for students with disabilities. Despite federal legislation and efforts of the field to identify and disseminate evidence-based practices for students with disabilities, it is uncertain whether all special education teachers provide instruction based on the best available research. To better prepare special education teachers, McLeskey et al. proposed 22 high-leverage practices (HLPs). We conducted this systematic review of meta-analyses to provide an initial investigation of the experimental evidence reporting on the effectiveness of the HLPs for students with, or at risk for, a disability. Results indicated the largest amount of evidence from meta-analyses related to intensive instruction, explicit instruction, and social skills, with few meta-analyses reporting on collaboration and assessment. The results highlighted disproportional evidence according to disability categories. Implications for future research, practice, and teacher education are discussed.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of probation supervision towards reducing reoffending: A Rapid Evidence Assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Smith ◽  
Kim Heyes ◽  
Chris Fox ◽  
Jordan Harrison ◽  
Zsolt Kiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
What Works ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Probation Supervision ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Meta Analyses

In response to the lack of universal agreement about ‘What Works’ in probation supervision (Trotter, 2013) we undertook a Rapid Evidence Assessment of the empirical literature. Our analysis of research into the effect of probation supervision reducing reoffending included 13 studies, all of which employed robust research designs, originating in the USA, UK, Canada and Australia, published between 2006 and 2016. We describe the papers included in our review, and the meta-analyses of their findings. Overall, we found that the likelihood of reoffending was shown to be lower for offenders who had been exposed to some type of supervision. This finding should be interpreted cautiously however, given the heterogeneity of the studies. We suggest future research and methodological considerations to develop the evidence base concerning the effectiveness of probation supervision.

A Stepwise Approach to Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Endovascular Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 805-817
Author(s):  
George A. Antoniou ◽  
Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai ◽  
Francesco Versaci ◽  
Stavros A. Antoniou
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Topic ◽  
Stepwise Approach ◽  
Endovascular Interventions ◽  
Statistical Precision ◽  
Meta Analyses

The accrual of clinical studies poses important challenges to researchers and practitioners, especially in the field of endovascular therapy, where patient, lesion, technique, and device subtleties abound. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses may prove particularly fruitful in such settings by increasing statistical precision and bolstering external validity if the evidence base on a specific topic is consistent or by highlighting important discrepancies in the opposite scenario. However, mastering the correct approach to systematic review and meta-analysis is challenging for careful readers or for those interested in conducting such an evidence synthesis exercise. The present article highlights a stepwise approach to systematic reviews and meta-analyses, focusing on endovascular interventions, which will prove useful to anyone reading or wishing to synthesize the evidence base on endovascular topics to optimize decision making or shape future research efforts.

scholarly journals Evidence for an Association Between Hearing Impairment and Disrupted Sleep: Scoping Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1015-1024
Author(s):  
Nathan A. Clarke ◽  
Derek J. Hoare ◽  
Edward C. Killan
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensory Impairment ◽  
Exposed Workers ◽  
Systematic Strategy ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Hearing impairment (HI) is the most common sensory impairment and may negatively impact sleep through reduced auditory input. Factors associated with HI such as anxiety regarding communication in daily life may also adversely impact an individual's sleep. Here, research on the relationship between HI and sleep disruption was catalogued using scoping review methodology. Method A systematic strategy was employed to search various electronic databases. This review is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Scoping Review Extension. Results Sixteen records met inclusion criteria. Studies have investigated sleep in HI as a primary aim in noise-exposed workers or large surveys in older participants. Experimental and quasi-experimental studies report alterations to sleep architecture of potential neuroplastic origins. Studies reporting sleep as a secondary aim generally report poorer sleep in HI participants. Conclusions This scoping review has catalogued evidence that altered or negatively impacted sleep may be associated with HI. Potential confounding factors, mechanisms, and considerations for future research are discussed. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9968369

scholarly journals Composition differences between organic and conventional meat: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 994-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Średnicka-Tober ◽  
Marcin Barański ◽  
Chris Seal ◽  
Roy Sanderson ◽  
Charles Benbrook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin ◽  
Organic Foods ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Mineral Concentrations ◽  
Organic Meat

AbstractDemand for organic meat is partially driven by consumer perceptions that organic foods are more nutritious than non-organic foods. However, there have been no systematic reviews comparing specifically the nutrient content of organic and conventionally produced meat. In this study, we report results of a meta-analysis based on sixty-seven published studies comparing the composition of organic and non-organic meat products. For many nutritionally relevant compounds (e.g. minerals, antioxidants and most individual fatty acids (FA)), the evidence base was too weak for meaningful meta-analyses. However, significant differences in FA profiles were detected when data from all livestock species were pooled. Concentrations of SFA and MUFA were similar or slightly lower, respectively, in organic compared with conventional meat. Larger differences were detected for total PUFA andn-3 PUFA, which were an estimated 23 (95 % CI 11, 35) % and 47 (95 % CI 10, 84) % higher in organic meat, respectively. However, for these and many other composition parameters, for which meta-analyses found significant differences, heterogeneity was high, and this could be explained by differences between animal species/meat types. Evidence from controlled experimental studies indicates that the high grazing/forage-based diets prescribed under organic farming standards may be the main reason for differences in FA profiles. Further studies are required to enable meta-analyses for a wider range of parameters (e.g. antioxidant, vitamin and mineral concentrations) and to improve both precision and consistency of results for FA profiles for all species. Potential impacts of composition differences on human health are discussed.

Language disabilities in infantile autism: A brief review and comment

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Infantile Autism ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Syntactic Knowledge ◽  
Language Disabilities ◽  
Children's Memory ◽  
Linguistic Coding

ABSTRACTExperimental studies of autistic children's memory for linguistic materials have yielded what appear to be conflicting results. A review of these studies reveals a pattern of findings consistent with the hypothesis that autistics do, in fact, have a special linguistic coding difficulty. The apparent discrepancies are the result of the use of low-power statistical tests in some experiments. Because the autistic deficit may arise from a failure to use semantic or syntactic knowledge or even from a failure to acquire such knowledge in the first place, future research should be aimed at explicating the precise mechanisms underlying the autistic deficit.

Expansive and Contractive Postures and Movement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Motor Displays on Affective and Behavioral Responses

2020 ◽  
pp. 174569162091935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Elkjær ◽  
Mai B. Mikkelsen ◽  
Johannes Michalak ◽  
Douglas S. Mennin ◽  
Mia S. O’Toole
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Hormonal Change ◽  
Overt Behavior ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Meta Analyses

This review and meta-analysis explores the experimental effects of expansive and contractive motor displays on affective, hormonal, and behavioral responses. Experimental studies were located through systematic literature searches. Studies had to manipulate motor displays to either expansive or contractive displays and investigate the effect of the displays on affect, hormones, or overt behavior. Meta-analyses were conducted to determine the pooled, standardized mean differences between the effects of motor displays on affective, hormonal, and behavioral responses. From 5,819 unique records, 73 relevant studies were identified. Robust differences between expansive and contractive displays emerged for affective responses and overt behavioral responses across contexts, type of manipulation, and methods of measurement. The results suggest that the effects are driven by the absence of contractive motor displays (contractive vs. neutral displays: Hedges’s g = 0.45) rather than the presence of expansive displays (expansive vs. neutral displays: g = 0.06). The findings stand as a corrective to previous research, as they indicate that it is the absence of contractive displays rather than the presence of expansive displays that alters affective and behavioral responding. Future research should include neutral control groups, use different methods to assess hormonal change, and investigate these effects in the context of ideographic goals.

scholarly journals Establishing how social capital is studied in relation to cardiovascular disease and identifying gaps for future research—A scoping review protocol

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249751
Author(s):  
Marie Parker ◽  
Xiangming Fang ◽  
Shannon Renee Self-Brown ◽  
Ali Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Protocol ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction Though the relationship between social capital and health has been widely studied, the evidence of this relationship in cardiovascular disease is limited, with varied and inconsistent measures. This scoping review seeks to address this gap by answering the following questions: (1) How has social capital been characterized and measured in the literature related to cardiovascular disease? and (2) What gaps exist in the evaluation of the relationship between social capital and cardiovascular disease? Materials and methods A scoping review will be used to answer the research questions. The scoping review will apply established methods described by Arksey and O’Malley, Levac and colleagues, and the Joanne Briggs Institute: (1) identifying the research question(s); (2) identifying relevant studies; (3) selecting the studies; (4) charting the data; and (5) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. Results Our findings will be reported in accordance with the guidance provided in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement. Discussion The synthesis of this evidence base is intended to provide a framework for how social capital has been defined and measured in the cardiovascular literature, with additional guidance for future research and evaluation. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and presentations at relevant seminars.

scholarly journals Universal strategies for the improvement of expressive language skills in the primary classroom: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 014272372198947
Author(s):  
Keeley L. Dobinson ◽  
Julie E. Dockrell
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Book Reading ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Meta Analyses

Oral language skills underpin children’s educational success and enhance positive life outcomes. Yet, significant numbers of children struggle to develop competence in speaking and listening, especially those from areas of high economic deprivation. A tiered intervention model, graduating the level of provision in line with levels of need, has been posited as most appropriate for supporting children’s language development. The first tier, or universal provision, is characterised by high-quality, evidence-informed language teaching for all. To date, our understanding of effective universal language delivery remains limited, particularly in the primary-school age range. This systematic review addresses this gap by identifying and evaluating existing evidence with the aim of informing practice and future research. Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a systematic search protocol was used to identify experimental and quasi-experimental studies evaluating universal approaches designed to support children’s oracy skills. Thirty-one studies were identified for inclusion and their characteristics and findings are reported and their reliability evaluated. Studies provide indicative evidence for the effectiveness of interactive book reading, structured vocabulary programmes, manualised curricula and approaches involving speech and language therapists. The strengths and weaknesses of our current knowledge are outlined and implications for practice and research are discussed.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular disease in homeless versus housed individuals: a systematic review of observational and interventional studies

Heart ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 106 (19) ◽  
pp. 1483-1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader James Al-Shakarchi ◽  
Hannah Evans ◽  
Serena A Luchenski ◽  
Alistair Story ◽  
Amitava Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Tailored Interventions ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Cvd Mortality

ObjectivesTo identify: (i) risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in homeless versus housed individuals and (ii) interventions for CVD in homeless populations.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review in EMBASE until December 2018 using a search strategy for observational and interventional studies without restriction regarding languages or countries. Meta-analyses were conducted, where appropriate and possible. Outcome measures were all-cause and CVD mortality, and morbidity.ResultsOur search identified 17 articles (6 case-control, 11 cohort) concerning risk of CVD and none regarding specific interventions. Nine were included to perform a meta-analysis. The majority (13/17, 76.4%) were high quality and all were based in Europe or North America, including 765 459 individuals, of whom 32 721 were homeless. 12/17 studies were pre-2011. Homeless individuals were more likely to have CVD than non-homeless individuals (pooled OR 2.96; 95% CI 2.80 to 3.13; p<0.0001; heterogeneity p<0.0001; I2=99.1%) and had increased CVD mortality (age-standardised mortality ratio range: 2.6–6.4). Compared with non-homeless individuals, hypertension was more likely in homeless people (pooled OR 1.38–1.75, p=0.0070; heterogeneity p=0.935; I2=0.0%).ConclusionsHomeless people have an approximately three times greater risk of CVD and an increased CVD mortality. However, there are no studies of specific pathways/interventions for CVD in this population. Future research should consider design and evaluation of tailored interventions or integrating CVD into existing interventions.

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