MiDTD: A Simple and Effective Distillation Framework for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction

Relation extraction (RE), an important information extraction task, faced the great challenge brought by limited annotation data. To this end, distant supervision was proposed to automatically label RE data, and thus largely increased the number of annotated instances. Unfortunately, lots of noise relation annotations brought by automatic labeling become a new obstacle. Some recent studies have shown that the teacher-student framework of knowledge distillation can alleviate the interference of noise relation annotations via label softening. Nevertheless, we find that they still suffer from two problems: propagation of inaccurate dark knowledge and constraint of a unified distillation temperature . In this article, we propose a simple and effective Multi-instance Dynamic Temperature Distillation (MiDTD) framework, which is model-agnostic and mainly involves two modules: multi-instance target fusion (MiTF) and dynamic temperature regulation (DTR). MiTF combines the teacher’s predictions for multiple sentences with the same entity pair to amend the inaccurate dark knowledge in each student’s target. DTR allocates alterable distillation temperatures to different training instances to enable the softness of most student’s targets to be regulated to a moderate range. In experiments, we construct three concrete MiDTD instantiations with BERT, PCNN, and BiLSTM-based RE models, and the distilled students significantly outperform their teachers and the state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods.

Extension of Dancer’s Legs: Increasing Angles Show Motion

Usain Bolt’s Lightning Bolt pose, one arm highly extended to one side, suggests action. Likewise, static pictures of animals, legs extended, show animation. We tested a new cue for motion perception—extension—and in particular extension of dancer’s legs. An experiment with pictures of a dancer finds larger angles between the legs suggest greater movement, especially with in-air poses and in lateral views. Leg positions graded from simply standing to very difficult front and side splits. Liking ratings (a small range) were more related to Difficulty ratings (a large range) than Movement ratings (a moderate range).

Biomechanical Exposure to Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorder Risk Factors in Hospital Laboratories

Exposure to ergonomic risk factors has been reported for laboratory workers over decades. However, these exposures are not well characterized with respect to the type of laboratory or work organization. This study compared biomechanical exposure to upper extremity (UE) postures and hand activity levels (HALs) in general hospital laboratories by job, work, and laboratory type. The study used observational data gathered using a revised version of the Posture, Activity, Tools, and Handling (PATH) method, generating frequencies of categorized exposures. Eighteen workers were observed in 11 job titles (seven laboratories) in a single hospital by two investigators over a 7 month period. A taxonomy was constructed to categorize the extent to which the laboratory operations were automated. Overall, there were markedly high exposures to postural strain for the distal UE, especially wrist/forearm deviation (73% of observations), gross grasp (71%), and pinch grip (49%). For the HAL categories, 61% of the observations were in the moderate range (3.3–<6.7). Shoulders and elbows tended to remain in the neutral postural range. Posture frequencies were similar among the job categories studied and laboratory types. HAL was higher when the hand was in a pinch grip. Manual operations represented a higher proportion of work time than semi-automated or automated operations. Biomechanical exposure can be documented more extensively and diversely when using the revised PATH approach along with the taxonomy, with respect to exposure variables, such as the type of job, work, or organization in the industry including the hospital laboratories.

Teaching ELL Students in the Elementary Grades

This chapter presents information regarding teaching ELL students with high incidence disabilities in the mild to moderate range. Specific disabilities to be discussed are learning disabilities, dyslexia, cognitive impairments, and autism. Identification procedures and implications for the individual education plan are offered. Learning characteristics that are manifested with these disabilities are explored. Instructional strategies that are most effective for children with these disabilities are explained. The impact of ELL on the disability is discussed. Accommodations to instructional strategies for ELL students are suggested. The misidentification of ELL students as having a disability is examined as well as misplacement into special education.

Perception of Academic Stressors Among Dental Undergraduate Students

OBJECTIVE: Present study was conducted to assess the perceived academic sources of stress among undergraduate dental students and determine its association with gender, year of study, pre-university education and accommodation. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted in dental section, Islamabad Medical and Dental college, Islamabad from July to November 2016. BDS students were asked to rate their perceived stress on four point Likert scale of modified version of Dental Environment Stress (DES) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were applied to find the mean scores and SD on all items. Using SPSS v.21, Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare stress levels among different undergraduate professional years and Mann-Whitney U test was applied to determine the association and stress sources and demographic variables. RESULTS: A total of 172/200 participants responded (86%) to the survey. Overall stress in undergraduate dental students was in moderate range. Majority of students (93%) reported that syllabus load was either stressful or very stressful (3.53±0.64), 85% students reported lack of relaxation time as stressful or very stressful (3.42±0.86) and fear of failing was reported as stressful or very stressful by 82.5% (3.34±0.87). When stress scores of all classes were compared third year reported more mean stress scores than other years (2.50±0.50). Females were more stressed compared to males with mean score of (2.37±0.39), students living at home were more stressed than hosteilites (2.38±0.38) and those with GCE A-levels had higher stress (2.40±0.38) compared to HSC background students. Academic performance was the most stressful of the five stress domains (3.07±0.74). CONCLUSION: Syllabus load followed by lack of time for relaxation and fear of failing were the most perceived sources of stress. Academic performance was the most stressful of the five stress domains and third year BDS was the most stressed class. KEY WORDS: Dental Education; Dental Students; Psychological Stress, Stressor, Undergraduate,.

Experimental Performance Analysis of R1234yf in an Air-Conditioning System as Substitute of R134a

In this work, R1234yf is tested in an air-conditioning system as a proposed alternative to R134a. The system is tested at 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50[Formula: see text]Hz evaporator fan frequency to cool the air entering into the evaporator section at a fixed temperature of 35∘C. The system is charged with 600, 700, 800, 1000 and 1200[Formula: see text]g of each refrigerant. The charge mass of 800 grams gives the best performance for both refrigerants. Also, R1234yf has higher COP, exergetic efficiency, second law efficiency, and lower compressor power consumption. Both refrigerants operate at a moderate range of compressor discharge temperature of 85∘C.

Coping With COVID-19: The Impact of the Pandemic on Latina Immigrant Women’s Mental Health and Well-being

Introduction We sought to describe how Latina immigrants living in King County coped with the pandemic, including their attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19, and the impact of the pandemic on their mental health and wellbeing. Method We conducted surveys by phone with adult Spanish-speaking Latina immigrants ( n = 137) in the summer of 2020. Results Very few women had been infected with COVID-19, and 23% reported having been tested. Most frequent reasons for not being tested were not knowing where to go (14%), concerns over the cost (15%), and not wanting to know if they were infected (12%). Most participants had concerns about paying for housing (76%) and food (73%). Depression and anxiety symptoms were in the moderate range. Almost all participants were practicing recommended preventive behaviors. Conclusion Although few participants had COVID-19 infection, the pandemic had significant impacts on their mental health and ability to meet basic needs.

Air Pollution and Outdoor Recreation on Urban Trails: A Case Study of the Elizabeth River Trail, Norfolk

Poor air quality represents a significant health risk for individuals engaging in recreation activities outdoors in urban parks and trails. This study investigated temporal variability in particulate matter (PM) exposure along an urban waterfront trail. We also used recreation choice frameworks to examine the effects of visitors’ perceptions of air quality (AQ) and health benefits on trail use. Average air quality during the collection period was “good” (PM10) to “moderate” (PM2.5). We found that PM density was significantly higher (p < 0.001), though still in the “moderate” range, at 7–9 a.m., 11 a.m.–1 p.m., and 3–5 p.m., and on weekends. Visitors’ self-reported perceptions of health outcomes, but not air quality, significantly predicted trail use. Results suggest that these experiential factors may affect recreational choices depending on other factors, such as salience. Further research is merited to determine how experiential factors can be integrated with other theories of motivation to understand recreational decision-making.

Agreement and Intraobserver Variability in Detection of Helicobacter pylori Infection Using Routine Histology, H. pylori Immunohistochemical Stain, and Warthin-Starry Special Stain on Gastric Tissue Biopsy Samples

Introduction/Objective Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a prevalent cause of gastritis in the US and worldwide. Accurate detection of the organism is important for appropriate treatment. Diagnosis is made using immunohistochemistry and special stains including Warthin-Starry stain (WS) which is low cost, technically easy to perform on tissue sections, and can be automated. We aimed to assess interobserver variability, reproducibility and validity of hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E), WS and anti-Helicobacter pylori immunohistochemical staining (HP-IHC) for the histopathological identification and evaluation of HP organisms on gastric mucosa biopsies. Methods/Case Report We prospectively evaluated gastric biopsies from ten adult patients. These patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with subsequent biopsy for various abdominal complaints. Seven of the ten biopsies (7/10) were HP infection positive, and three cases (3/10) were HP negative by H&E stain and HP-IHC (determined by GI Pathologist). The presence or absence and density of HP, were assessed on H&E, HP-IHC and WS in blinded fashion by five general surgical (GS) pathologists. The GS pathologists assessed the cases for presence and density of HP using the semi-quantitative modified Sydney classification (none, mild, moderate, and severe). Percentage agreement and interobserver variablilty using Cohen-Kappas statistics (KS) were calculated. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) The percentage agreement for presence or absence of HP in the biopsies with H&E, HP-IHC and WS stains were 91%, 98% and 99%, respectively. The interobserver agreement for evaluation of presence of HP was excellent with WS staining method (Overall KS = 0.737 95%, Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.501- 0.973) and HP-IHC (Overall KS = 0.783, 95% CI = 0.585-0.980). Agreement for H&E was moderate (Overall KS = 0.532, 95% CI= 0.392-0.672). HP density agreement was excellent using WS and HP-IHC and H&E was in the moderate range. Conclusion This study found excellent interobserver agreement using IHC and WS. While IHC is the most specific stain, WS is more sensitive in identifying the shape and morphology of HP organisms and is an efficient and low-cost alternative with excellent morphology in general surgical practice.

Sodium Intake and Health: What Should We Recommend Based on the Current Evidence?

Several health organizations recommend low sodium intake (below 2.3 g/day, 5.8 g/day of salt) for entire populations, on the premise that lowering of sodium intake, irrespective of its level of intake, will lower blood pressure and, in turn, will result in a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease. These guidelines were developed without effective interventions to achieve long term sodium intakes at low levels in free-living individuals and without high-quality evidence that low sodium intake reduces cardiovascular events (compared with average levels of intake). In this review, we examine whether advice to consume low amounts of sodium is supported by robust evidence. We contend that current evidence indicates that most people around the world consume a moderate range of dietary sodium (3 to 5 g/day), that this level of intake is associated with the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality, and that the risk of adverse health outcomes increases when sodium intakes exceeds 5 g/day or is below 3 g/day. While the current evidence has limitations, it is reasonable, based upon prospective cohort studies, to suggest a mean target of below 5 g/day in populations, while awaiting the results of large randomized controlled trials of sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease and death.