A Handbook of Human Performance

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 721-721
Author(s):  
Dudley G. Letbetter
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Design Recommendations ◽  
Major Function ◽  
Literature Source ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Personal Performance ◽  
Direct Acting

A ten-step approach for developing a comprehensive but concise, design-oriented handbook of human performance is proposed, with emphasis on the first two steps. The ten steps are: 1. Identify and define classes and subclasses of human performance. 2. Develop a concise format for abstracting information for each lowest level subclass. 3. Establish the need for a handbook. 4. Prepare an abstract for each literature source covering a lowest level subclass. 5. Develop a concise format, including design recommendations, for summarizing each lowest level subclass. 6. Prepare a summary, including design recommendations, for each lowest level subclass. 7. Collate summaries and abstracts. 8. Prepare table of contents and index. 9. Publish handbook. 10. Distribute handbook. For Step 1, a functional rather than traditional approach is presented. Classes of human performance are identified and defined in terms of basic functions suitable for all applications. Five major functions are identified, subdivided and defined. The five major functions are: R. Receiving information: Receiving all information, except receiving communicated information, which is a subclass of communicating, the second major function. Receiving information includes perception of all natural-environmental and artificially-displayed information (other than perception of directly - or indirectly - communicated information), and input loading and interacting, which also are considerations in communicating. C. Communicating: All exchanging of information between humans by a system or systems of symbols, signs and/or behavior. Communicating consists of emitting and receiving communicated information: oral or non-oral, direct or indirect, unaided or aided, and voluntary or involuntary. P. Processing information: Operating on and treating received information; basic handling of perceived information. Processing information includes storing and retrieving information (recognizing, recalling, reproducing), acquiring and using concepts (acquiring, symbolizing, defining), altering information (calculating and computing, logical and mathematical transforming, encoding and decoding), reasoning (intuiting, inductive and deductive explicit reasoning), imagining (anticipatory, creative, fanciful). M. Managing personal performance: Guiding and directing one's own performance. The “executive” function, which is concerned with carrying into effect and integrating the four other major functions. Managing personal performance includes valuing, making decisions, and initiating and sustaining personal performance. A. Acting: Carrying into effect; changing system physical states. The fifth major function covers producing physical effects. The means is exerting force within oneself and/or on other objects; the direct or indirect result or output is work. Acting includes direct acting (e.g., manually lifting an object) and indirect acting (e.g., operating the controls of an overhead crane lifting an object).

Computers in a Human Perspective: an Alternative Way of Teaching Informatics to Health Professionals

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Media Technology ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Information Handling ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Processing Information

Abstract:An alternative way of teaching informatics, especially health informatics, to health professionals of different categories has been developed and practiced. The essentials of human competence and skill in handling and processing information are presented parallel with the essentials of computer-assisted methodologies and technologies of formal language-based informatics. Requirements on how eventually useful computer-based tools will have to be designed in order to be well adapted to genuine human skill and competence in handling tools in various work contexts are established.On the basis of such a balanced knowledge methods for work analysis are introduced. These include how the existing problems at a workplace can be identified and analyzed in relation to the goals to be achieved. Special emphasis is given to new ways of information analysis, i.e. methods which even allow the comprehension and documentation ofthose parts of the actually practiced ´human´ information handling and processing which are normally overlooked, as e. g. non-verbal communication processes and so-called ´tacit knowledge´ based information handling and processing activities. Different ways of problem solving are discussed involving in an integrated human perspective - alternative staffing, enhancement of the competence of the staff, optimal planning of premises as well as organizational and technical means. The main result of this alternative way of education has been a considerably improved user competence which in turn has led to very different designs of computer assistance and man-computer interfaces.It is the purpose of this paper to give a brief outline of the teaching material and a short presentation of the above mentioned results. Special emphasis is given to that part of the course where computer assisted interactive media technology presently is introduced due to the fact that this is the only way of adequately presenting some of the most important parts of human performance in handling and processing information, including communication.

scholarly journals SEVEN

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujgan Sagir Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Magic Number ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literature And Science ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Seminal Article

The limitations on human performance, especially on processing information, have continuously received attention since Miller’s (1956) seminal article. Thomas L. Saaty added to the body of knowledge with a paper titled, ‘Why the Magic Number Seven Plus or Minus Two’, and this memoir essay summarizes that paper and its main contribution to the literature and science (Saaty & Özdemir, 2003). The paper concludes by supporting the idea that to serve both consistency and redundancy, it is best to keep the number of elements to seven or less, and therefore Miller’s seven plus or minus two is indeed a limit on our ability to process information. Thomas L. Saaty was born on the 7th month of the year and passed away on August 7*2 = 14, 2017.https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v9i3.552

Review of analog-to-information converters

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
M. N. Polunin ◽  
A. V. Bykova
Keyword(s):  
Spread Spectrum ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Compressed Sampling ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Random Demodulator ◽  
High Power Consumption ◽  
Modulated Wideband Converter

The implementation of high‑throughput systems with the traditional approach to the discretization of the analog signal according to the Kotelnikov theorem is faced with the problems of high power consumption and the need to store and transfer large amounts of data. An alternative approach to sampling and processing information is based on advances in the compressed sampling theory. The paper provides a brief overview of the main provisions of this theory and considers examples of its use in practice for the implementation of information reading systems – analog‑to‑information converters. The purpose of these devices is to reduce the pressure on conventional analog‑to‑digital converters, to reduce the sampling rate and the amount of output data. The main architectures of analog‑information converters are considered: non‑uniform sampling, random filter, random demodulator, modulated wideband converter, compressive multiplexer, random modulator pre‑integrator, spread spectrum random modulator pre‑integrator.

Can you read my mindprint?

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-387
Author(s):  
Lisa S. Pearl ◽  
Igii Enverga
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Learning Technique ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Language Text

Humans routinely transmit and interpret subtle information about their mental states through the language they use, even when only the language text is available. This suggests humans can utilize the linguistic signature of a mental state (its mindprint), comprised of features in the text. Once the relevant features are identified, mindprints can be used to automatically identify mental states communicated via language. We focus on the mindprints of eight mental states resulting from intentions, attitudes, and emotions, and present a mindprint-based machine learning technique to automatically identify these mental states in realistic language data. By using linguistic features that leverage available semantic, syntactic, and valence information, our approach achieves near-human performance on average and even exceeds human performance on occasion. Given this, we believe mindprints could be very valuable for intelligent systems interacting linguistically with humans. Keywords: mental state; linguistic features; mindprint; natural language processing; information extraction

The limits of human performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 11-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Beneke ◽  
Dieter Böning
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
As Doping ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Biochemical Research

Human performance, defined by mechanical resistance and distance per time, includes human, task and environmental factors, all interrelated. It requires metabolic energy provided by anaerobic and aerobic metabolic energy sources. These sources have specific limitations in the capacity and rate to provide re-phosphorylation energy, which determines individual ratios of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic power and their sustainability. In healthy athletes, limits to provide and utilize metabolic energy are multifactorial, carefully matched and include a safety margin imposed in order to protect the integrity of the human organism under maximal effort. Perception of afferent input associated with effort leads to conscious or unconscious decisions to modulate or terminate performance; however, the underlying mechanisms of cerebral control are not fully understood. The idea to move borders of performance with the help of biochemicals is two millennia old. Biochemical findings resulted in highly effective substances widely used to increase performance in daily life, during preparation for sport events and during competition, but many of them must be considered as doping and therefore illegal. Supplements and food have ergogenic potential; however, numerous concepts are controversially discussed with respect to legality and particularly evidence in terms of usefulness and risks. The effect of evidence-based nutritional strategies on adaptations in terms of gene and protein expression that occur in skeletal muscle during and after exercise training sessions is widely unknown. Biochemical research is essential for better understanding of the basic mechanisms causing fatigue and the regulation of the dynamic adaptation to physical and mental training.

1880: Assessment of Basic Human Performance Resources Predicts Performance of Ureterorenoscopy in Human Cadavers

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
Edward D. Matsumoto ◽  
George V. Kondraske ◽  
Lucas Jacomides ◽  
Kenneth Ogan ◽  
Margaret S. Pearle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Human Cadavers

Safety and efficacy of direct acting oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonists in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation – a network meta-analysis of real-world data

VASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Hirschl ◽  
Michael Kundi
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Vitamin K Antagonists ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Direct Acting ◽  
Event Rates

Abstract. Background: In randomized controlled trials (RCTs) direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) showed a superior risk-benefit profile in comparison to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Patients enrolled in such studies do not necessarily reflect the whole target population treated in real-world practice. Materials and methods: By a systematic literature search, 88 studies including 3,351,628 patients providing over 2.9 million patient-years of follow-up were identified. Hazard ratios and event-rates for the main efficacy and safety outcomes were extracted and the results for DOACs and VKAs combined by network meta-analysis. In addition, meta-regression was performed to identify factors responsible for heterogeneity across studies. Results: For stroke and systemic embolism as well as for major bleeding and intracranial bleeding real-world studies gave virtually the same result as RCTs with higher efficacy and lower major bleeding risk (for dabigatran and apixaban) and lower risk of intracranial bleeding (all DOACs) compared to VKAs. Results for gastrointestinal bleeding were consistently better for DOACs and hazard ratios of myocardial infarction were significantly lower in real-world for dabigatran and apixaban compared to RCTs. By a ranking analysis we found that apixaban is the safest anticoagulant drug, while rivaroxaban closely followed by dabigatran are the most efficacious. Risk of bias and heterogeneity was assessed and had little impact on the overall results. Analysis of effect modification could guide the clinical decision as no single DOAC was superior/inferior to the others under all conditions. Conclusions: DOACs were at least as efficacious as VKAs. In terms of safety endpoints, DOACs performed better under real-world conditions than in RCTs. The current real-world data showed that differences in efficacy and safety, despite generally low event rates, exist between DOACs. Knowledge about these differences in performance can contribute to a more personalized medicine.

Perceptions of a Peer Suicide Prevention Program by Inmates and Professionals Working in Prisons

Crisis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Auzoult ◽  
Sid Abdellaoui
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Prevention Program ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Penal Institutions ◽  
Peer Suicide ◽  
Suicide Prevention Programs ◽  
Methods Of Suicide

Background: Suicide prevention is a major challenge for penal institutions in many countries. The traditional approach relies on the expertise of health professionals and is supplemented by the intervention of other professionals and the inmates themselves. New methods of suicide prevention based on peer support have been developed in recent years. Peer prevention programs rely on the ability of inmates to identify suicide risk. Aims: This study examines perceived suicide risk among inmates and explores possible explanations. Method: 54 inmates and 17 professionals working in prisons responded to a questionnaire. Results: The peer prevention program was found to change inmates’ expectations of support in the event of a suicide crisis. The study also found that the inmates involved in the program tended to underestimate the risk of suicide. The perception of the prevention program and the level of self-consciousness were found to account for the underestimation of suicide risk. Conclusions: Support for inmates involved in suicide prevention programs must take into account their isolation in prison. The training provided to inmates must also consider the biases affecting the assessment of risk.

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