A Componential Model of Human Interaction with Graphs. III. Spatial Orientation

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Gillan ◽  
S. Mark LaSalle
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Star Graphs ◽  
Component Process ◽  
Graph Comprehension ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
Nonmonotonic Change ◽  
The Difference

The Mixed Arithmetic-Perceptual (MA-P) model of graph comprehension proposes that graph users apply combinations of component processes — including Searching for indicators, Encoding the value of indicators, performing Arithmetic Operations on the values, making Spatial Comparisons among the indicators, and Responding — when they answer questions from a graph. The model further suggests that the combination and order of the components that the user applies depends on a user's task and the type of graph. The present research investigated the use of another component process — mental rotation — in interacting with star graphs. Subjects used two star graphs to answer comparison and difference questions in which the differences in orientation of the indicators in question varied from 0 to 288°. The results showed a nonmonotonic change in response time with the difference in orientation. The discussion addresses the effects of mental rotation in reading displays and the role that rotation may play in the hierarchy of graph effectiveness proposed by Cleveland and McGill.

A Componential Model of Human Interaction with Graphs. V: Using Pie Graphs to Make Comparisons

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (21) ◽  
pp. 3-439-3-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Gillan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Angular Position ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Graph Reading ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Graph Designs ◽  
Direct Models

Research and models of graph reading suggest that the reader's task is an important determinant of the perceptual and cognitive processing components that the reader uses. When people read a pie graph to determine the proportional size of a segment, they apply three processing components: selecting the appropriate mental anchor to which to compare the segment (25%, 50%, or 75%), mentally aligning the anchor to the angular position of the segment around the pie, and mentally adjusting the anchor to match the pie segment size. When a pie graph reader faces a different task, e.g., estimating the ratio of two segments or the difference between two segments, does she use the same processing components to estimate the proportions of A and of B (and then divide one estimate into the other) or does she use a more direct method of mentally aligning the two segments to be compared, then mentally overlaying one on the other (for a ratio) or estimating the spatial difference between the pie segments (for a difference). Two experiments supported the Direct models over the Proportion-based models. The component processes of the Direct models suggest that pie graph designs that eliminated the angular difference between segments being compared should improve performance.

scholarly journals Taxing the brain to uncover lying? Meta-analyzing the effect of imposing cognitive load on the reaction-time costs of lying

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Verschuere ◽  
Nils Köbis ◽  
yoella meyer ◽  
David Gertler Rand ◽  
Shaul Shalvi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

Lying typically requires greater mental effort than telling the truth. Imposing cognitive load may improve lie detection by limiting the cognitive resources needed to lie effectively, thereby increasing the difference in speed between truths and lies. We test this hypothesis meta-analytically. Across 21 studies using response-time (RT) paradigms (11 unpublished; total N = 792), we consistently found that truth telling was faster than lying, but found no evidence that imposing cognitive load increased that difference (Control, d = 1.45; Load, d = 1.28). Instead, load significantly decreased the lie-truth RT difference by increasing the RT of truths, g = -.18, p = .027. Our findings therefore suggest that imposing cognitive load does not necessarily improve RT-based lie detection, and may actually worsen it by taxing the mental system and thus impeding people’s ability to easily—and thus quickly—tell the truth

A Componential Model of Human Interaction with Graphs. H. Effects of the Distances among Graphical Elements

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Gillan ◽  
Michael Neary
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
Arithmetic Operations ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
Bar Graphs

Based on task analyses of people using graphs, Gillan and Lewis (1992) have developed a model that describes how people interact with graphs. The model proposes that for simple tasks (e.g., comparisons and subtraction) and common graphs (e.g., line, scatter, and bar graphs), graph users apply combinations of five component processes — Searching for indicators, Encoding the value of indicators, performing Arithmetic Operations on the values, making Spatial Comparisons among the indicators, and Responding. The model further suggests that the combination and order of the components that the user applies depends on a user's task and the type of graph. The present research investigated two predictions from the model concerning spatial relations in a graph: (1) that response times to answer comparison questions should be sensitive to varying the distance between two indicators, but not to varying the indicator-to-axis distance, and (2) that response times to answer difference questions should be sensitive to the distance between the indicator and the y-axis, but not to the distance between the indicators. In the experiment, subjects used line and bar graphs to answer comparison and difference questions in which the appropriate distances varied systematically. The results of the research supported both predictions, thereby providing empirical validation of the model. In addition, some aspects of the data were not anticipated by the model, suggesting the need to enhance the componential model.

Performance-Based Adaptive Automation: Number of Task Types and Response Time Measures Triggering Level of Automation Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Gloria Calhoun ◽  
Heath Ruff ◽  
Elizabeth Frost ◽  
Sarah Bowman ◽  
Jessica Bartik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Response Time ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Adaptive Automation ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
Task Types ◽  
A Performance

A key challenge facing automation designers is how to achieve an ideal balance of system automation with human interaction for optimal operator decision making and system performance. A performance-based adaptive automation algorithm was evaluated with two versus six monitored task types. Results illustrate the importance of level of automation choices in control schemes.

scholarly journals Two Decades of Smart Irrigation Controllers in U.S. Landscape Irrigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1593-1601
Author(s):  
Michael D. Dukes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
List Type ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Water Sensor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The U.S

HighlightsSavings numbers in new studies across multiple soil types and climates are similar to those summarized in 2011 and are summarized here as 51% in research plot studies and 30% in single-family homes.Studies of the human factors have begun showing how important the users are to success of the technology.Education in implementation remains important to achieve potential water conservation.Abstract. Smart irrigation controllers, such as evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture sensor (SMS) controllers, have become commonly available from virtually all irrigation controller manufacturers. This review summarizes the literature since the Fifth Decennial National Irrigation Symposium (NIS) concerning these controllers in research studies and pilot implementations. Studies have expanded to multiple climates throughout the U.S. on a variety of soils and plant types. When these devices are implemented properly on sites that have potential irrigation savings (i.e., excess irrigation), they are able to reduce irrigation while maintaining plant quality. The level of reduction depends on many factors, including the amount of excess irrigation, climate, plant type, and human interaction with the technology. When studies report positive savings, the levels documented here range from 40% to 61% (51% avg.) in plot studies and from 28% to 32% (30% avg.) in residential studies. Of 17 identified studies in the past decade, five reported negative savings, and in most cases those results were due to ET controllers installed on sites with little excess irrigation or controller programming that was not optimized for savings. New trends in the industry include Wi-Fi signal-based ET controllers with smartphone app capability, an upcoming standard for SMS controllers, as well as smart controllers becoming mandatory in areas of the U.S. As identified in the Fifth Decennial NIS, it remains important to implement controllers on sites with the potential for irrigation reduction as well as proper implementation with the best current information. Finally, there is a need to understand human interaction with these devices because improper programming can make the difference between a water-saving device and ineffective technology with a dissatisfied customer. Keywords: ET controller, Landscape irrigation, Smart controller, SMS, Soil moisture sensor, Soil water sensor.

scholarly journals Mental rotation of sequentially presented 3D figures: sex and sex hormones related differences in behavioural and ERP measures

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramune Griksiene ◽  
Aurina Arnatkeviciute ◽  
Rasa Monciunskaite ◽  
Thomas Koenig ◽  
Osvaldas Ruksenas
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Global Field Power ◽  
Angular Disparity ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Related Potentials

AbstractMental rotation of 3D objects demonstrates one of the largest sex differences. We investigated sex and sex hormones-related differences in behaviour and event related potentials (ERP) using a modified Shepard and Metzler task composed of sequentially presented 3D figures in 29 men and 32 women. We demonstrated a significant increase in response time and decrease in both accuracy and positivity of the parietal ERP with increasing angular disparity between the figures. Higher angular disparity evoked an increase of global field power (GFP) from 270 to 460 ms and different activation topographies from 470 to 583 ms with lower parietal, but higher left frontal positivity. Flatter slopes in higher angular disparity condition suggest distinct strategies being implemented depending on the difficulty of the rotation. Men performed the task more accurately than women. Performance accuracy in women tended to be negatively related to estradiol while the response time tended to increase with increasing progesterone. There were no associations with testosterone. Women demonstrated higher GFP and an increased positivity over the parietal scalp area, while men showed higher activation in the left frontal cortex. Together these findings indicate dynamic angular disparity- and sex-related differences in brain activity during mental rotation of 3D figures.

Comparison between Ferromagnetic and Ferroelectric Optical Switch Devices in Terms of the Response to the Electric Field

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rabi Noori Hammudi ◽  
Sudad Salman Al-Bassam ◽  
Rawa Khalil Ibrahim ◽  
Aseel Ibrahim Mahmood ◽  
Peter Kopčanský ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Material ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Optical Switch ◽  
Ferroelectric Material ◽  
Optical Effect ◽  
Constituent Material ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
The Difference

In this work we have studied the electro-optical effect of two types of ferronematic nanoparticles. The first sample doped with magnetic material Fe3O4 and the second sample doped with a ferroelectric material SbSI. The difference in the two types of material that has been vaccinated led to different values of electro-optic properties because of the different susceptibility of materials. We have noticed that the material SbSI was more responsive to the applied electric field due to the nature of the constituent material (electric material) than the Fe3O4 ferromagnetic. The response time for the material SbSI is less than the response time of the ferromagnetic Fe3O4, that led to make the material SbSI best in the optical switch applications.

The Effect of Light Soaking on the Photoconductivity Response in A-SI:H

1986 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu Changhua ◽  
Wu Wenhao ◽  
Zhao Shifu ◽  
Han Daxing
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Fermi Level ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Deep Traps ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Shallow Traps ◽  
Photoconductivity Response ◽  
Effect Of Light

ABSTRACTThe temperature dependences of response time tr and steady state photoconductivity (PC) were used to deduce the DOS at energies above the dark Fermi level. The tr and PC of annealled state A and light soaked state B were measured from 115K to 300K. Light soaking causes degradation of PC. Compared with state A, the PC response of state B is faster at low temperatures, but is slower at high temperatures. The difference between state A and state B was interpreted by a decrease of shallow traps and an increase of deep traps.

Markov interacting component processes

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (03) ◽  
pp. 597-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. Chin ◽  
A. J. Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Density Function ◽  
Point Processes ◽  
Characterization Theorem ◽  
Pairwise Interaction ◽  
Connected Components ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Component Process ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Markov Point Processes ◽  
Component Processes

A generalization of Markov point processes is introduced in which interactions occur between connected components of the point pattern. A version of the Hammersley-Clifford characterization theorem is proved which states that a point process is a Markov interacting component process if and only if its density function is a product of interaction terms associated with cliques of connected components. Integrability and superpositional properties of the processes are shown and a pairwise interaction example is used for detailed exploration.

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