Trade-offs between Spatial and Temporal Resolution in Driving Unmanned Ground Vehicles

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (22) ◽  
pp. 1550-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan B.F. van Erp
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Unmanned Vehicles ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Ground Vehicles ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Data Links ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Objective Performance ◽  
Fixed Base

Remote vision for steering unmanned vehicles is generally facilitated by on-board cameras. Due to limited bandwidth data-links, a trade-off exists between spatial and temporal image resolution. In the present experiment, objective performance of military driving instructors was measured on a standardized task-battery in a fixed-base driving simulator. The results showed that the optimum choice of spatial and temporal resolution is task specific. The lack of an interaction between both the factors pleads for some provision for the operator to modify these parameters when switching between tasks.

A solution to the rear-vision problem in a fixed-base driving simulator

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guihua Yang ◽  
Farnaz Baniahmad ◽  
Beverly K. Jaeger ◽  
Ronald R. Mourant
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Fixed Base

Design on Hierarchical Testing System for Unmanned Ground Vehicles

2011 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
pp. 817-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Guang Ming Xiong ◽  
Yang Sun ◽  
Shao Bin Wu ◽  
Jian Wei Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Test System ◽  
Unmanned Vehicles ◽  
Intelligent Vehicles ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Unmanned Ground Vehicles ◽  
Ground Vehicles ◽  
Test Environment ◽  
Test And Evaluation ◽  
Comprehensive Test

The test system for technical abilities of unmanned vehicles is gradually developed from the single test to comprehensive test. The pre-established test and evaluation system can promote the development of unmanned ground vehicles. The 2009 Future Challenge: Intelligent Vehicles and Beyond (FC’09) pushed China's unmanned vehicles out of laboratories. This paper proposed to design a more scientific and comprehensive test system for future competitions to better guide and regulate the development of China's unmanned vehicles. According to the design idea of stage by stage and level by level, the hierarchical test content from simple to advanced, from local to overall is designed. Then the hierarchic test environment is established according to the levels of test content. The test method based on multi-platform and multi-sensor is put forward to ensure the accuracy of test results. The testing criterion framework is set up to regulate future unmanned vehicle contests and to assess the unmanned vehicles scientifically and accurately.

scholarly journals Work Flows for Cellular Epidemiology, From Conception to Translation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton D. Nathanson ◽  
Lucy Ngo ◽  
Tomasz Garbowski ◽  
Abhilash Srikantha ◽  
Christian Wojek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Health State ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Trade Offs

AbstractChanges in cell connectivity and morphology, observed and measured using microscopy, implicate a cellular basis of degenerative disease in tissues as diverse as bone, kidney and brain. To date, limitations inherent to sampling (biopsy sites) and/or microscopy (trade-offs between regions of interest and image resolution) have prevented early identification of cellular changes in specimen sizes of diagnostic relevance for human anatomy and physiology. This manuscript describes work flows for human tissue-based cell epidemiology studies. Using recently published sample preparation methods, developed and validated to maximize imaging quality, the largest-to-date scanning electron microscopy map was created showing cellular connections in the femoral neck of a human hip. The map, from a patient undergoing hip replacement, comprises an 11 TB dataset including over 7 million electron microscopy images. This map served as a test case to implement machine learning algorithms for automated detection of cells and identification of their health state. The test case showed a significant link between cell connectivity and health state in osteocytes of the human femur. Combining new, rapid throughput electron microscopy methods with machine learning approaches provides a basis for assessment of cell population health at nanoscopic resolution and in mesoscopic tissue and organ samples. This sets a path for next generation cellular epidemiology, tracking outbreaks of disease in populations of cells that inhabit tissues and organs within individuals.

Effects of Visually Induced Motion Sickness on Emergency Braking Reaction Times in a Driving Simulator

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1004-1018
Author(s):  
René Reinhard ◽  
Ender Tutulmaz ◽  
Hans M. Rutrecht ◽  
Patricia Hengstenberg ◽  
Britta Geissler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Visually Induced Motion Sickness ◽  
The Road ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
Relationship Of

Objective: The study explores associations of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) with emergency braking reaction times (RTs) in driving simulator studies. It examines the effects over the progression of multiple simulated drives. Background: Driving simulator usage has many advantages for RT studies; however, if it induces VIMS, the observed driving behavior might deviate from real-world driving, potentially masking or skewing results. Possible effects of VIMS on RT have long been entertained, but the progression of VIMS across simulated drives has so far not been sufficiently considered. Method: Twenty-eight adults completed six drives on 2 days in a fixed-base driving simulator. At five points during each drive, pedestrians entered the road, necessitating emergency braking maneuvers. VIMS severity was assessed every minute using the 20-point Fast Motion Sickness Scale. The progression of VIMS was considered in mixed model analyses. Results: RT predictions were improved by considering VIMS development over time. Here, the relationship of VIMS and RT differed across days and drives. Increases in VIMS symptom severity predicted more prolonged RT after repeated drives on a given day and earlier within each drive. Conclusion: The assessment of VIMS in RT studies can be beneficial. In this context, VIMS measurements in close temporal proximity to the behaviors under study are promising and offer insights into VIMS and its consequences, which are not readily obtainable through questionnaires. Application: Driving simulator–based RT studies should consider cumulative effects of VIMS on performance. Measurement and analysis strategies that consider the time-varying nature of VIMS are recommended.

Game-Based Delegation Interface Design for Unmanned Vehicles

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Mersch ◽  
Kyle J. Behymer ◽  
Gloria L. Calhoun ◽  
Heath A. Ruff ◽  
Jared S. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Unmanned Vehicles ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Objective Performance ◽  
Single Operator ◽  
The Impact

Video game interfaces featuring multiple distinct icons that enable a player to quickly select specific actions from a larger set of possible actions have the potential to inform the development of interfaces that enable a single operator to control multiple unmanned vehicles (UVs). The goal of this research was to examine the design of a video game inspired interface for delegating actions (called “plays”) to highly autonomous UVs. Specifically, the impact of color coding (by Play Type, by Vehicle Type, and No Color) and icon row assignment (by Play Type, by Vehicle Type, and Random) for a delegation play calling interface was evaluated in terms of participants’ performance in identifying and manually selecting a commanded play icon in an interface depicting a large set of UV plays. Both the objective performance data and subjective ratings indicated that icon row assignment impacted icon selection, whereas color coding did not. Mean icon selection time and subjective ratings were more favorable when the icons were assigned to rows in the Play Calling interface by vehicle type. Suggestions are made for follow-on research.

Comparative Analysis Between Recurrent Convolutional and Convolutional Neural Networks for Horizon Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 4364-4367
Author(s):  
Shreya Srinarasi ◽  
Seema Jahagirdar ◽  
Charan Renganathan ◽  
H. Mallika
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Unmanned Vehicles ◽  
Obstacle Detection ◽  
Ground Vehicles ◽  
Safe Navigation ◽  
Horizon Line ◽  
Flight Parameters

The preliminary step in the navigation of Unmanned Vehicles is to detect and identify the horizon line. One method to locate the horizon and obstacles in an image is through a supervised learning, semantic segmentation algorithm using Neural Networks. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are rapidly gaining prominence in military, commercial and civilian applications. For the safe navigation of UAVs, there poses a requirement for an accurate and efficient obstacle detection and avoidance. The position of the horizon and obstacles can also be used for adjusting flight parameters and estimating altitude. It can also be used for the navigation of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV), by neglecting the part of the image above the horizon to reduce the processing time. Locating the horizon and identifying the various obstacles in an image can help in minimizing collisions and high costs due to failure of UAVs and UGVs. To achieve a robust and accurate system to aid navigation of autonomous vehicles, the efficiency and accuracy of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent-CNNs (RCNN) are analysed. It is observed via experimentation that the RCNN model classifies test images with higher accuracy.

High-Temporal-Resolution Capabilities of the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased-Array Radar

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela L. Heinselman ◽  
Sebastián M. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Phased Array ◽  
Weather Radar ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Data Archiving ◽  
Phased Array Radar ◽  
Control Interface ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Address Data ◽  
Processing Techniques

Abstract Since 2007 the advancement of the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased-Array Radar (NWRT PAR) hardware and software capabilities has been supporting the implementation of high-temporal-resolution (∼1 min) sampling. To achieve the increase in computational power and data archiving needs required for high-temporal-resolution sampling, the signal processor was upgraded to a scalable, Linux-based cluster with a distributed computing architecture. The development of electronic adaptive scanning, which can reduce update times by focusing data collection on significant weather, became possible through functionality added to the radar control interface and real-time controller. Signal processing techniques were implemented to address data quality issues, such as artifact removal and range-and-velocity ambiguity mitigation, absent from the NWRT PAR at its installation. The hardware and software advancements described above have made possible the development of conventional and electronic scanning capabilities that achieve high-temporal-resolution sampling. Those scanning capabilities are sector- and elevation-prioritized scanning, beam multiplexing, and electronic adaptive scanning. Each of these capabilities and related sampling trade-offs are explained and demonstrated through short case studies.

Nonvestibular Motion Cueing in a Fixed-Base Driving Simulator: Effects on Driver Braking and Cornering Performance

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. de Groot ◽  
M. Mulder ◽  
P. A. Wieringa
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Driving Speed ◽  
Motion Cueing ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Lane Keeping

Motion platforms can be used to provide vestibular cues in a driving simulator, and have been shown to reduce driving speed and acceleration. However, motion platforms are expensive devices, and alternatives for providing motion cues need to be investigated. In independent experiments, the following eight low-cost nonvestibular motion cueing systems were tested by comparing driver performance to control groups driving with the cueing system disengaged: (1) seat belt tensioning system, (2) vibrating steering wheel, (3) motion seat, (4) screeching tire sound, (5) beeping sound, (6) road noise, (7) vibrating seat, and (8) pressure seat. The results showed that these systems are beneficial in reducing speed and acceleration and that they improve lane-keeping and/or stopping accuracy. The seat belt tensioning system had a particularly large influence on driver braking performance. This system reduced driving speed, increased stopping distance, reduced maximum deceleration, and increased stopping accuracy. It is concluded that low-cost nonvestibular motion cueing may be a welcome alternative for improving in-simulator performance so that it better matches real-world driving performance.

Evaluation of Force Feedback Steering in a Fixed Based Driving Simulator

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (26) ◽  
pp. 2202-2205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald R. Mourant ◽  
Praveen Sadhu
Keyword(s):  
Force Feedback ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
Lane Position ◽  
Road Segments

Eight participants drove a fixed base simulator using both spring-loaded and force feedback steering wheels. Their route included curves of 100, 200 and 300 radii of curvature, and two freeway style exit ramps that were sloped, banked and, had changing radii of curvature. Both mean and variance of lane position were calculated. There were no differences in terms of mean and variance of lane position between the steering wheels when driving on straight road segments. Lane position variance was significantly greater when driving on the 100 meter curves then when driving of the 200 and 300 meter curves. Drivers “hugged” left hand curves more when using the force feedback steering wheel as indicated by their average lane position being significantly more to the left. On the two right hand exit ramps, drivers drove significantly more to the left when using the force feedback steering wheel. Subjects rated the force feedback steering wheel higher in terms of realism, maneuverability, and vehicle control on a post-experiment questionnaire.

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