Plaque Removal by Young Children Using Old and New Toothbrushes

2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1138-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.H. van Palenstein Helderman ◽  
M.M. Kyaing ◽  
M.T. Aung ◽  
W. Soe ◽  
N.A.M. Rosema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Plaque Score ◽  
Plaque Removal ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Toothbrush Wear

There is inconclusive evidence about the relationship between toothbrush wear and plaque removal. This randomized cross-over clinical trial aimed to validate or invalidate non-inferiority in the plaque-removal efficacy of old vs. new toothbrushes in the hands of 7- and 8-year-old children. The lower limit for non-inferiority was set a priori as a difference in plaque score < 15%. Children (n = 101) brushed, in the first session, with either their 14-month-old toothbrush or a new one, and in the second session vice versa. The mean Quigley-Hein plaque score, before and after children brushed with old brushes, was 2.9 and 2.4, and with new brushes 2.8 and 2.1. The plaque score after they brushed with the new toothbrush was 10.9% lower (p < 0.001) than after they brushed with the old toothbrush. The confidence interval of 7.6%–13.9% was within the acceptance band (< 15%), and non-inferiority of old toothbrushes in the hands of these children was validated.

scholarly journals How to tell about errors not boringly: methodological analysis of expounding the basis of data processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2 (131)) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
Oksana Lozovenko ◽  
Yevgeny Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Basic Skills ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Measured Quantity ◽  
General View ◽  
True Value ◽  
Training Interval ◽  
The Mean

The authors continue to report about results they have obtained in the process of creating a special introductory one-semester Laboratory Physics course «Search for Physics laws». It is known that the teaching experience and the results of the performed tests show that most students do not acquire the basic skills for conducting an experimental research. This course was built on the basis of the algorithm of systematic construction of students’ skills for carrying out an experimental research. The authors have used Galperin’s stepwise teaching procedure which was developed on the assumption that learning any kind of knowledge involves different kinds of actions. The authors have analysed different ways of how to expound the basic ideas of data analysis, and shown their connection with the point, syncretic and training-interval paradigms. Action diagrams are provided for each type of expounding. As an example of using the training-interval paradigm for teaching first-year students of a technical university, a specially designed lab session is presented in the article. The topic of the session is “The concept of a confidence interval”. Laboratory Work 1 “The Buffon-de Morgan Experiment”. This lab session meets several important requirements: a) the number of computations is minimised; b) a directly measurable quantity is considered; c) students are provided with a “fulcrum” in the form of a priori known true value of a quantity. A general view on measuring physics quantities is summarised in four quite unexpected for students “unpleasant axioms”: 1) none of measured values coincides with the true value of a quantity; 2) the mean of measured values does not coincide with the true value of a quantity; 3) even if, by a lucky chance, one of measured values or the mean coincided with the true value of a quantity, we would never know about it; 4) a confidence interval catches the true value of a measured quantity only in 68% of cases. The authors claim that the presented lab lesson allows demonstrating the equity of these “axioms” clearly and vividly, and that the organised laboratory sessions in the new way are significantly more successful in improving students’ basic skills of error analysis than traditional laboratory sessions.

Association of epicardial fat thickness with left ventricular diastolic function parameters in a community population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Ma ◽  
Baowei Zhang ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
Litong Qi ◽  
Jin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Diastolic Function ◽  
Ventricular Free Wall ◽  
Free Wall ◽  
Right Ventricular Free Wall ◽  
Community Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Purpose We examined the relationship between EFT measured by echocardiography and LV diastolic function parameters in a Beijing community population. Methods We included 1004 participants in this study. Echocardiographic parameters including E and A peak velocity, the early diastolic velocities (e’) of the septal and lateral of mitral annulus using tissue doppler imaging, E/e’, and EFT, were measured. EFT1 was measured perpendicularly on the right ventricular free wall at end-diastole in the extension line of the aortic root. EFT2 was the maximum thickness measured perpendicularly on the right ventricular free wall at end-diastole. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between EFT and the mean e’ and E/e’. Results The mean age of the participants was 63.91 ± 9.02 years old (51.4% men). EFT1 and EFT2 were negatively correlated with e’ lat, e’ sep, and e’ mean (p < 0.05), and positively correlated with E/e’ lat, E/e’ sep, and E/e’ mean. Multivariate regression analysis showed that EFT1 and EFT2 were independently and negatively correlated with e’ mean (EFT1: β = −0.089 [95% confidence interval = − 0.177, − 0.000, p = 0.050]; EFT2: β = −0.078 [95% confidence interval = − 0.143, − 0.012, p = 0.020]). There were no interactions between EFT and any covariates, including age or heart groups, sex, BMI, or presence of hypertension, diabetes, or coronary heart disease in relation to LV diastolic dysfunction. Conclusions EFT was negatively and independently correlated with e’ mean, suggesting that more attention to this type of adipose fat is required for cardiovascular disease therapy.

scholarly journals Examining the Relationship Between Enterprise Risk Management and Firm Performance in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Mazurina Mohd Ali ◽  
Nur Shazwani Ab Hamid ◽  
Erlane K Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Firm Performance ◽  
Enterprise Risk Management ◽  
Audit Firm ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Significant Coefficient ◽  
Enterprise Risk ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the relationship between enterprise risk management (ERM) implementation and firm performance in Malaysia. Using the sample from 2010 to 2016, this study examines the relationship between ERM and firm performance among Malaysian top 100 public listed firms registered on the Index FTSE Bursa Malaysia 100 (FBM100) KLSE. This study also provides comparisons before and after the introduction of Bursa Malaysia Guidelines 2013. This study shows a positive and significant coefficient between profitability and firm performance towards ERM implementation. However, this study shows insignificant relationship between firm size, financial leverage and audit firm with firm performance. This study also shows that there is an increase in the mean score and standard deviation of these variables after the implementation of Bursa Malaysia Guideline 2013. The findings in this study provides an understanding to the Malaysian public listed firms on the importance of ERM and subsequently, maximise the benefits of ERM especially after the introduction of Bursa Malaysia Guidelines 2013 for the benefits of their stakeholders and regulatory improvement in future.

scholarly journals Relationship between Stunting, Wasting, Underweight and Geophagy and Cognitive Function of Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-527
Author(s):  
Michael O Mireku ◽  
Michel Cot ◽  
Achille Massougbodji ◽  
Florence Bodeau-Livinec
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Weight For Age

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and both geophagy and cognitive function of children. Study design The study prospectively followed singleton children whose mothers participated in the MiPPAD clinical trial in Allada, Benin, from birth to age 12 months. Anthropometric measurements were taken at birth and 9 and 12 months. Wasting, stunting and underweight were defined as weight-for-length, length-for-age and weight-for-age Z-scores less than −2, respectively. Cognitive and motor functions were assessed using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Parent-reported geophageous habits of children were collected when the children were 12 months. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to analyse the data. Results A total of 632 children (49.7% girls) were involved in the study. Stunting, wasting and underweight were observed in 14.1%, 13.6% and 17.7%, respectively, at 9 months and 17.3%, 12.7% and 17.2%, respectively, at 12 months. The prevalence of geophagy among the children was 48.2%. Impaired growth at 9 and 12 months was consistently associated with low cognitive and gross motor (GM) score. Children stunted at 9 months had lower GM scores at 12 months compared with their non-stunted peers (β = −3.48, 95% confidence interval −6.62 to −0.35). Conclusions Stunting, wasting and underweight are associated with cognitive and GM deficits in infants. In this setting, impaired growth was not associated with geophagy. Further research evaluating geophagy and growth prospectively and concurrently from birth to 36 months is needed.

scholarly journals In situ target strength estimates of optically verified southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis)

2012 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. O'Driscoll ◽  
Johannes Oeffner ◽  
Adam J. Dunford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Blue Whiting ◽  
Acoustic Target ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Immature Fish

Abstract O'Driscoll, R. L., Oeffner, J., and Dunford, A. J. 2013. In situ target strength estimates of optically verified southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis) – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 431–439. Estimates of the acoustic target strength (TS) of southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis) at 38 kHz were obtained using an autonomous acoustic–optical system (AOS) mounted on a demersal trawl. Data were collected from aggregations of spawning adult [mean fork length (FL) 34.4 cm] and immature (mean FL 24.6 cm) southern blue whiting south of New Zealand. Mean TS was estimated from 162 tracks containing 695 echoes from targets identified from video as southern blue whiting. The mean TS was –37.9 dB with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of –39.7 to –36.6 dB for 21 immature fish and –34.6 dB (95% CI –35.4 to –34.0 dB) for 141 adults. A logarithmic fit through the mean TS values produced a TS–fork length (FL) relationship from optically verified targets of TS = 22.06 log10FL – 68.54. This new relationship gives TS values within 1 dB of those estimated using the relationship recently adopted by ICES for blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) of TS = 20 log10TL – 65.2 (where TL is total length) obtained from in situ measurements, but higher values than those estimated from the previous relationship for southern blue whiting of TS = 38 log10FL – 97, which was based on swimbladder modelling.

scholarly journals A Morphometric Study of the Foramen of Diaphragma Sellae and Delineation of Its Relation to Optic Neural Pathways through Computer Aided Superimposition

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris George Yohannan ◽  
Renuka Krishnapillai ◽  
Romi Suresh ◽  
Shobha Ramnarayan
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Optic Chiasma ◽  
Lateral Dimension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Diaphragma Sellae ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The diaphragma sellae (DS) is a fold of dura that forms a partial roof over the pituitary gland. The foramen of the diaphragma sellae (FDS) is thereby a pathway for suprasellar extension of pituitary tumors. The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomical dimensions of the DS and FDS and to understand the relationship of FDS with the overlying optic chiasma. The study was conducted in 100 autopsy cases. Measurements were taken using vernier calipers. Photographs, taken before and after removal of optic pathway, were superimposed using image processing software. The results showed that the mean A-P dimension of DS was 1.17 ± 0.48 cm; the lateral dimension of DS was 1.58 ± 0.60 cm. The mean A-P dimension of FDS was 0.66 ± 0.42 cm; the lateral dimension of FDS was 0.82 cm ± 0.54 cm. The shapes of FDS were irregular (40%), transversely oval (29%), circular (13%), sagittally oval (11%), or trapezoid with posterior dimension more than the anterior one (6%) or anterior dimension more than the posterior one (1%). The margins of FDS were either well defined (31%) or ill defined (69%). The positional relation of FDS to optic chiasma was also found out.

Relationship between Feedrate and Fatigue Life of Al7075-T6 Specimens before and after Shotpeening

2008 ◽  
Vol 580-582 ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyoung Tae Kim ◽  
Ki Hoon Shin
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bending Stresses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents a study on the relationship between feedrate and fatigue life of Al7075-T6 specimens before and after shotpeening. For this purpose, six groups of specimens, each of which consists of eight specimens, were first machined at six different feedrates (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30 mm/rev). Half of eight specimens in each group were then peened and the others remained un-peened. Next, the fatigue life was measured by using 4-point rotary bending machine. One observation was that the fast the feedrate was, the large the mean diameter of a specimen was. To apply the same bending stresses in all cases, different loading conditions were thus recalculated and applied to specimens based on their mean diameters. Finally, the effect of feedrate on the fatigue life was estimated by comparing twelve sets of specimens (six groups times two sets, peened and un-peened).

scholarly journals Association of Epicardial Fat Thickness With Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Parameters in a Community Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Ma ◽  
Baowei Zhang ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
Litong Qi ◽  
Jin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Diastolic Function ◽  
Ventricular Free Wall ◽  
Free Wall ◽  
Right Ventricular Free Wall ◽  
Community Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Purpose We examined the relationship between EFT measured by echocardiography and LV diastolic function parameters in a Beijing community population.Methods We included 1004 participants in this study. Echocardiographic parameters including E and A peak velocity, the early diastolic velocities (e’) of the septal and lateral of mitral annulus using tissue doppler imaging, E/e’, and EFT, were measured. EFT1 was measured perpendicularly on the right ventricular free wall at end-diastole in the extension line of the aortic root. EFT2 was the maximum thickness measured perpendicularly on the right ventricular free wall at end-diastole. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between EFT and the mean e’ and E/e’.Results The mean age of the participants was 63.91 ± 9.02 years old (51.4% men). EFT1 and EFT2 were negatively correlated with e’ lat, e’ sep, and e’ mean (p < 0.05), and positively correlated with E/e’ lat, E/e’ sep, and E/e’ mean. Multivariate regression analysis showed that EFT1 and EFT2 were independently and negatively correlated with e’ mean (EFT1: β = −0.089 [95% confidence interval = −0.177, −0.000, p = 0.050]; EFT2: β = −0.078 [95% confidence interval = −0.143, −0.012, p = 0.020]). There were no interactions between EFT and any covariates, including age or heart groups, sex, BMI, or presence of hypertension, diabetes, or coronary heart disease in relation to LV diastolic dysfunction.Conclusions EFT was negatively and independently correlated with e’ mean, suggesting that more attention to this type of adipose fat is required for cardiovascular disease therapy.

scholarly journals Comparing the Efficacy of Topical Metformin and Placebo in the Treatment of Melasma: A Randomized, Double-blind, Clinical Trial

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Mapar ◽  
Ali Asghar Hemmati ◽  
Ghazal Namdari
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Double Blind Clinical Trial ◽  
Metformin Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
P 16 ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Generally affecting women, melasma is the acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation, and researches are still ongoing to find an effective, fast, and low-side-effect drug treating this disease. The present study is aimed at comparing the efficacy of topical metformin and placebo in the treatment of melasma. Methods: Sixty patients with melasma were treated in placebo and topical metformin recipient groups in a double-blind clinical trial. In addition to the demographic and laboratory findings of patients before and after the intervention, the MASI Score of patients in weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the study and then one month after the study were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: The mean age of the studied patients was 35.25 ± 7.11 years. No significant difference was observed between the phenotypes (P= .49) and the type of melasma (P= .63) in the two groups. The mean MASI score of patients at the time of being included in the study in the placebo group was 10.47 ± 3.08; and in the metformin group, it was 11.93 ± 4.64 (P = .16). Compared to the beginning of the study, the MASI scores were significantly decreased in both groups of placebo (P = .00) and metformin (P = .00) one month after the end of the study; nevertheless, no statistically significant difference was observed between the MASI Scores of two groups in any of the study periods (P > .05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that metformin cream significantly declines the patients’ MASI score and does not have any effect on patients’ laboratory markers. Of course, no significant difference was observed between the MASI scores of the patients receiving metformin and the placebo group; however, the MASI score decrease trend continued until the 12th week; while in the placebo group, no significant decrease was seen after eight weeks.

scholarly journals N-Acetylcystein has Potential Effect to Reduce Haematological Abnormalities in HIV/AIDS Patients Undergoing ARV Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4-s) ◽  
pp. 197-200
Author(s):  
Filia Yuniza ◽  
Eddy Mart Salim ◽  
Nova Kurniati ◽  
Harun Hudari ◽  
Erial Bahar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hematological Abnormalities ◽  
Hiv Aids

Aims: to determine the effect of NAC administration on hematological abnormalities in HIV/AIDS patients who are undergoing ARV treatment. Method: This was a pilot study using a double blind randomized clinical trial. A total of 32 subjects who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into 2 groups, namely placebo and NAC. Subjects in the NAC group were given NAC at a dose of 3x200 mg/day, while the placebo group was given lactose at a dose of 3x200 mg/day. Each group was given treatment for 12 weeks. Before and after treatment, subjects were examined for hematologic parameters. Results:  Most of subjects had normal hematological features. NAC administration did not have a significant effect on the mean levels of Hb, Ht, number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets (p> 0.05). However, NAC administration can reduce the degree of anemia and improve the condition of thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and lymphopenia. Conclusion: NAC administration can reduce hematological abnormalities HIV/AIDS patients undergoing ARV treatment. Keywords: ARV, Hematological abnormalities, HIV/AIDS, NAC.

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