Duplex-Derived Maximum Venous Outflow Velocity (MVOV) of the Common Femoral Veins is Asymmetric in Normal Women

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lebow ◽  
James Edmondson ◽  
Khanjan Nagarsheth ◽  
David Cassada ◽  
Kate Currie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Iliac Vein ◽  
Venous Outflow ◽  
Outflow Velocity ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Background It is generally accepted that a significant portion of our population harbors asymptomatic compression of the left iliac vein by the right iliac artery. This was demonstrated originally in autopsy studies by McMurrich in 1908 (33% of 107 cadavers) and more recently by the analysis of Contrast CT scans 1 (66% of 50 patients). Authors have found that Venography may lack the sensitivity to be considered a true “gold standard” (66% sensitive) while IVUS is over 90% sensitive 2. No studies have addressed the physiologic difference in flow hemodynamics between the left and right lower extremities in normal individuals. We use Doppler ultrasound to demonstrate asymmetric flow in the lower extremities of normal individuals. Methods Maximum venous outflow velocity (MVOV) in the Common femoral veins were recorded using Doppler ultrasound on 30 volunteers. Inclusion criteria included age 18–30, BMI <30, female sex and no history of venous disease or leg swelling. All studies were preformed by the same experienced vascular technologist. Volunteers were instructed to lay supine while a blood pressure cuff was inflated to 100 mmhg around the mid-thigh. Presence of arterial flow was confirmed with color duplex after cuff inflation. Prior to rapid cuff release at 1 minute patients were instructed to exhale and hold their breath to augment venous outflow. Flow velocities in the left and right common femoral veins were recorded. Results The average age was 20.9 years (range 19–28 years) and the average BMI was 21.9 (range, 18–25). MVOV was slower on the left side in 22, slower on the right in 7 and equal in one volunteer. The mean right MVOV was 117.23 cm/sec, SD 46.95 and the mean left MVOV was 95.44 cm/sec, SD 32.94 ( P = 0.0095). There was no correlation between left and right MVOV with respect to age, BMI or height. Conclusions Significant differences in lower extremity venous flow are present in normal individuals at rest. This finding correlates with anatomic studies demonstrating a predilection towards narrowing of the left iliac vein in normal subjects. This simple, non-invasive method of quantifying venous hemodynamics may aid in selecting patients for further diagnostic testing or intervention.

scholarly journals Considerations on the caliber of the internal iliac vein

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Popa ◽  
P. Bordei ◽  
C. Ionescu ◽  
D.M. Iliescu
Keyword(s):  
Iliac Vein ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Common Iliac Vein ◽  
Internal Iliac Vein ◽  
Distribution Of Values ◽  
Internal Iliac ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right

Abstract The diameter at the origin of the internal iliac vein was found between 4.7 to 9.9 mm; for the right internal iliac vein between 4.7 to 9.7 mm; the statistical distribution groups value in ascending order being as follows: 4.7 to 5.5 mm: 4 cases (22.22% of cases); 6.9 to 7.8 mm: 6 cases (33.33% of cases); 8.4-8.8 mm: 4 cases (22.22% of cases); 9.1 to 9.7 mm: 4 cases (22.22% of cases). The diameter at the origin of the left internal iliac vein was between 4.8 to 9.9 mm, while the distribution statistics on groups of values, in ascending order, being as follows: 4.8-5.2 mm: 4 cases (22.22 % of cases); 6.8-7.1 mm: 8 cases (44.44% of cases); 8.3 to 9.9 mm: 6 cases (33.33% of cases). The diameter at the end of the internal iliac vein was between 5.9 to 10.2 mm; the diameter at the end of the right internal iliac vein was between 6.1 to 10.2 mm, the statistical distribution of values groups in ascending order being follows: 6.1 to 7.5 mm: 6 cases (33.33% of cases); 8.4 to 8.7 mm: 8 cases (44.44% of cases); 9.3 to 10.2 mm: 4 cases (22.22% of cases). The diameter at the end of the left internal iliac vein was between 5.9 to 9.9 mm, while the distribution statistics on groups of values in ascending order being as follows: 5.9 to 6.2 mm: 4 cases (22.22 % of cases); 7 to 7.6 mm: 3 cases (16.67% of cases); 8.3-8.4 mm: 5 cases (27.28% of cases); 9.1 to 9.9 mm: 6 cases (33.33% of cases). Comparing the common iliac vein caliber of the two, right and left, we found that in 10 cases (55.56% of cases), the right internal iliac vein has a greater diameter than the left one by 0.3 mm. In 8 cases (44.44% of cases), the left internal iliac vein has a larger diameter than the right one with 0.1-0.6 mm; between the two values there is a difference of 0.5 mm

INFANTILE SPASTIC HEMIPLEGIA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-682
Author(s):  
Meyer A. Perlstein ◽  
Philip N. Hood
Keyword(s):  
Close Agreement ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Selective Population ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spastic Hemiplegia ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mental Defectives

From this study the following conclusions emerge regarding the relation of intelligence of infantile spastic hemiplegics to various factors. The spastic hemiplegics of the present series were retarded approximately 20 I.Q. points below normal individuals. The mean I.Q. scores and the incidence of mental retardation were in close agreement with several early reports. The marked difference from the recent reports of Hohman and others reporting consecutive series of cerebral palsied patients is attributed to the fact that the present study is based upon a selective population. Left and right hemiplegics did not differ significantly either in mean I.Q. scores or in the incidence of mental deficiency. Male and female hemiplegics did not differ significantly, either in mean I.Q. scores or in the incidence of mental deficiency. The mean I.Q. scores of the congenital and acquired cases did not differ significantly nor was there a greater incidence of mental deficiency in either of the 2 groups. Mental deficiency was significantly related to the presence of convulsions in this series of spastic hemiplegics; the mean I.Q. score of the convulsives was significantly lower than that for the nonconvulsives by 12 I.Q. points. There was a significantly greater number of mental defectives below the age of 6 than above that age, although the mean I.Q. scores did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. When the subjects were grouped into age levels of 1-year intervals, there was no greater incidence of mental deficiency nor did the mean I.Q. scores differ significantly at any year level. The infectious and traumatic groups of acquired etiologies showed no significant difference in mean I.Q. scores. The toxemia of pregnancy group showed approximately the same incidence of mental deficiency and the same mean I.Q. score as the group composed of all other congenital etiologies of spastic hemiplegia.

Postnatal Development of a Left-Right Atrial Pressure Gradient

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Harreveld ◽  
F. E. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Left Atrium ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Equal Thickness

The mean left and right atrial pressures were measured in six groups of 10 kittens each. One group was examined between the 12th and 24th hour after birth, one group after 3 days, after 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month and 2 months. The left and right atrial pressures were almost equal in the first group. With age an increasing left to right pressure gradient developed. In the oldest group the pressure in the left atrium was almost twice as great as in the right. Parallel with the pressure gradient a difference developed in the wall thicknesses of the left and right ventricles. At birth the ventricular walls were of about equal thickness; at age 2 months the left ventricle wall was more than twice as thick as the right. The relationship between ventricle wall thicknesses and atrial pressures is discussed.

scholarly journals Growth-Related Differences in Maximum Laterotrusion and Retrusion between Children and Adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia A. Reicheneder ◽  
Peter Proff ◽  
Uwe Baumert ◽  
Tomas Gedrange
Keyword(s):  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Abstract Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there are no differences between children and adults in maximum laterotrusion and maximum retrusion on the right and left sides. Materials and Methods: This population-based study included 81 randomly selected children between the ages of 6 and 10 years and 67 adults. Kinematic variables were measured with the ultrasonic JMA-System for registration. Results: The mean maximum laterotrusion of the children's group (10.6 ± 1.5 mm on the left, 11.0 ± 1.7 mm on the right) was significantly smaller than that of the adult group (11.7 ± 2.0 mm on the left, 12.2 ± 1.7 mm on the right). The maximum laterotrusion of the children's group corresponded to about 90% on the left and right sides of that of the adult group. The mean maximum retrusion of the children's group was significantly bigger than that of the adult group. There, the adult values corresponded to 66.7% on the left and 50% on the right side of the children's values. No significant difference in maximum laterotrusion and retrusion was noted on the right and left sides, and no significant differences according to gender specificities were observed in either group. Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. In development of the temporomandibular joint, maximum laterotrusion on the right and left sides increases significantly with age, and maximum retrusion decreases significantly with age.

scholarly journals A remark on some extensions of the mean-variance portfolio selection models

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Enrico Moretto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Portfolio Management ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The Third ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Variance Portfolio ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Variance

Quantitative risk management techniques should prove their efficacy when financially turbulent periods are about to occur. Along the common saying “who needs an umbrella on a sunny day?”, a theoretical model is really helpful when it carries the right suggestion at the proper time, that is when markets start behaving hecticly. The beginning of the third decade of the 21st century carried along a turmoil that severely affected worldwide economy and changed it, probably for good. A consequent and plausible research question could be this: which financial quantitative approaches can still be considered reliable? This article tries to partially answer this question by testing if the mean-variance selection model (Markowitz [16], [17]) and some of his refinements can provide some useful hints in terms of portfolio management.

Objective cyclodeviation measurement in normal subjects by means of Cyclocheck® application

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212090531
Author(s):  
Justyna Simiera ◽  
Agata Joanna Ordon ◽  
Piotr Loba
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Muscle Balance ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fundus Photographs ◽  
The Right

Purpose: To evaluate the range of cyclodeviation in normal individuals by means of Cyclocheck® application recently designed by the authors and freely available at www.cyclocheck.com . Methods: Healthy subjects with normal muscle balance, best-corrected visual acuity of ⩾0.8, and stereopsis on Randot charts of ⩽100 s of arc were included in the study. Two separate digital fundus photographs were taken of each eye of every patient. The disk-foveal angle was calculated using the Cyclocheck® application. The average result of the disk-foveal angle measurements were considered for data analysis. Results: A total of 131 patients met inclusion criteria for the study population. The mean value of the disk-foveal angle in the whole study group (both right and left eye) was 6.39° ± 2.72° with 5.26° ± 2.56° (range from −0.4° to 12.55°) in the right eye and 7.52° ± 2.39° (range from 1.25° to 12.76°) in the left eye. The mean value of the disk-foveal angle of the left eye was greater by 2.26° than that of the right eye. Conclusion: Cyclocheck® software allows easy assessment of cyclodeviation. Normal individuals present with a positive value of the disk-foveal angle with a certain spread of the results. The analysis of obtained measurements revealed a significant asymmetry between both eyes with the left eye being more excyclodeviated in an otherwise orthotropic population, which remains a subject for further investigations.

Cerebral sodium extraction in the dog: a test for extracerebral contamination

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (6) ◽  
pp. H868-H875
Author(s):  
L. G. D'Alecy ◽  
C. J. Rose ◽  
S. A. Sellers ◽  
J. P. Manfredi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Sympathetic Stimulation ◽  
Single Drop ◽  
Venous Outflow ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Alpha Chloralose

The single-pass extraction of sodium was measured with and without sympathetic stimulation in dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. A mixture of the test (24Na) and reference ([125I]RISA) substances was injected as a bolus into the common carotid artery. Single-drop samples were taken at approximately 1-s intervals from the sagittal sinus and the temporal sinus while cerebral blood flow was continuously measured at the temporal sinus by the venous outflow technique. The extraction measurements were used to test for extracerebral contamination of venous outflow. The mean integral extraction determined from sagittal sinus samples was 2.2% during control conditions and 3.0% during sympathetic stimulation. The mean temporal sinus extraction of sodium was 6.9% during control and 2.7% during sympathetic stimulation. If true cerebral sodium extraction is assumed to be 1.4% and extracerebral sodium extraction is 60%, then these data indicate that extracerebral contamination is less than 10%.

scholarly journals Treatment of acquired arteriovenous fistula with severe hemodynamic effects: therapeutic challenge

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Ferreira Pilan ◽  
Andréia Marques de Oliveira ◽  
Daniel Emílio Dalledone Siqueira ◽  
Ana Terezinha Guillaumon
Keyword(s):  
Arteriovenous Fistula ◽  
Common Iliac Artery ◽  
Severe Heart Failure ◽  
Iliac Vein ◽  
Common Iliac Vein ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Iatrogenic Vascular Injury ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Output

A 34-year-old female patient with severe heart failure and pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed late with a high-output acquired arteriovenous fistula between the right common iliac vein and artery. The most probable cause was an iatrogenic vascular injury inflicted during a prior laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Treatment was conducted by placement of an endoprosthesis in the common iliac artery, achieving total exclusion of the fistula and complete remission of symptoms. Considering the options available for treating this type of lesion, endovascular techniques are becoming ever more effective and are now the option of first-choice for management of this pathology.

Vascular geometry of the extracranial carotid arteries: an analysis of length, diameter, and tortuosity

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farooq A Choudhry ◽  
John T Grantham ◽  
Ansaar T Rai ◽  
Jeffery P Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Skull Base ◽  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

BackgroundStable access is essential for successful intracranial interventions. Quantifying variations in extracranial carotid arteries may help in the selection and development of access catheters. This study describes the vascular dimensions from the aortic arch to the skull base.MethodsCT angiography analysis was performed on 100 patients. The lengths, diameters, and tortuosity of the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) were measured from the aortic arch to the skull base.ResultsThe mean±SD length of the carotid artery from the aortic arch to the skull base was 22.2±2.2 cm for the right side and 20.8±1.9 cm for the left side (p<0.0001). The length of the right CCA was 13.6±1.2 cm and the length of the left CCA was 12.4±1.4 cm (p<0.0001). The length of the right ICA was 8.6±1.4 cm compared with 8.4±1.4 cm for the left ICA (p=0.3). The ICA length in men and women was 8.9±1.3 cm and 8.2±1.3 cm, respectively (p=0.0001), and the CCA length in men and women was 13.6±1.5 cm and 12.3±1.6 cm, respectively (p<0.0001). The lengths of the CCA and ICA in patients aged ≥60 years were 13.3±1.7 cm and 8.9±1.5 cm, respectively compared with 12.8±1.7 cm and 8.2±1.1 cm, respectively, for patients aged <60 years (p=0.04 for CCA, p=0.0002 for ICA). Tortuosity of the CCA and ICA was 1.2±0.2 and 1.3±0.1, respectively, in patients aged ≥60 years compared with 1.1±0.1 for both the ICA and CCA in patients aged <60 years (p<0.0001 for both). There was a consistent ratio of CCA/ICA length of 1.6±0.3 on the right and 1.5±0.3 on the left (p<0.0001). The arterial diameters did not show any significant difference.ConclusionsThe distance from the aortic arch to the skull base is longer on the right than on the left side. Both the CCA and ICA are longer in men and in patients aged ≥60 years. The tortuosity of both segments significantly increases with age.

Curvature measurement of human bilateral cochleae

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (11) ◽  
pp. 1085-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-F Yu ◽  
K-C Lee ◽  
Y-L Wan ◽  
Y-C Peng
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cochlear Implantation ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Basal Turn ◽  
Curvature Measurement ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
The Right

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to characterise the geometry of the human bilateral spiral cochlea by measuring curvature and length.Method:Eight subjects were recruited in this study. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to visualise the right and left cochlea. Visualisation of the cochlear spiral was enhanced by T2 weighting and further processing of the raw images. The spirals were divided into three segments: the basal turn, the middle turn and the apex turn. The length and curvature of each segment were non-invasively measured.Results:The mean left and right cochlear lengths were 3.11 cm and 3.95 cm, respectively. The measured lengths of the cochlear spiral are consistent with data in the literature derived from anatomical dissections. Overall, the apex turn segment of the cochlea had the greatest degree of curvature (p < 0.05). The mean apex turn segment curvatures for left and right cochleae were 9.65 cm−1 and 10.09 cm−1, respectively.Conclusion:A detailed description of the cochlear spiral is provided, using measurements of curvature and length. These data will provide a valuable reference in the development of cochlear implantation procedures for minimising the potential damage during implantation.

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