Virtual Elimination of Iodine-Deficiency Disorders Achieved in Nine Counties of Jiangsu Province, China

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkou Zhao ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Jun Ge ◽  
Qinlan Zhang ◽  
Xiping Huan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Information Management ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Salt Iodization

To assess the iodine-deficiency disorder status in nine counties of Jiangsu Province, China, where salt iodization was initiated in 1985, a special verification survey was conducted in 1997 by a provincial multisectoral team. Results obtained by regular monitoring of counties indicated that the goitre rate in schoolchildren had progressively decreased from 41.9% in 1983 to 3.9% in 1997, while the median urinary iodine concentrations of the population had remained above 100 μg/L since 1985. More than 90% of the edible salt supplied to households had been iodized at ≥ 20 mg I/kg during the previous five years. The data obtained by provincial verification confirmed the county findings of ≥ 90% adequate iodized salt in households, < 5% goitre rate in schoolchildren, and adequate urinary iodine excretions. The provincial team also considered the established mechanisms for salt iodization and supply and iodine information management potentially sustainable. The high variability of the iodine content of household salt indicates that improved quality assurance of iodized salt at production and continued monitoring of population iodine indicators are needed.

Current Status of Iodine Deficiency in Mongolia in 1998-1999

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Yamada ◽  
D. Oyunchimeg ◽  
P. Enkhtuya ◽  
A. Erdenbat ◽  
A. Buttumur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Iodine Excretion

In 1992, the Mongolian government conducted a nationwide palpation study of the thyroid glands, and the study showed an overall goiter rate of 30%. As a result of this, the Mongolian Government launched its Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Elimination Programme in 1996 and its primary strategy was salt iodization. In 1998 and 1999, we carried out programme monitoring studies in 11 provinces. The results showed: among schoolchildren, a goiter rate was 22.8% (n=6,535), median values of urinary iodine excretion ranged from 11 μg/l to 256 μg/l (n=1,930), and usage rates of iodized salt (>20 PPM iodine content) in their households ranged from 3% to 82%. We concluded that severe iodine deficiency in 1992 was improved from moderate to mild severity a few years later by salt iodization. However, stronger official commitments and community participation are needed to improve the programme so that iodized salt will be made more widely available. Asia Pac JPublic Health 2000;12(2): 79-84

scholarly journals Iodine-deficiency disorders in the Aseer region, south-western Saudi Arabia: 20 years after the national survey and universal salt iodization

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 2523-2529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuad I Abbag ◽  
Saeed A Abu-Eshy ◽  
Ahmed A Mahfouz ◽  
Suliman A Al-Fifi ◽  
Hussein El-Wadie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
National Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Salt Iodization

AbstractObjectiveTo study (i) the current prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders among schoolchildren in south-western Saudi Arabia after universal salt iodization and (ii) the iodine content of table salts and water.DesignCross-sectional study on a stratified proportional allocation sample of children. Thyroid gland enlargement was assessed clinically and by ultrasound scanning. Urine, table salt and water samples were taken to measure iodine content.SettingsThe Aseer region, south-western Saudi Arabia.SubjectsSchoolchildren aged 8–10 years.ResultsThe study included 3046 schoolchildren. The total goitre rate amounted to 24·0 %. Prevalence of enlarged thyroid by ultrasound was 22·7 %. The median urinary iodine concentration of the study sample amounted to 17·0 µg/l. The iodine content of table salt ranged from 0 to 112 mg/kg; 22·5 % of the table salt samples were below the recommended iodine content (15 mg/kg) set by WHO. The total goitre rate increased significantly from 19·8 % among children using table salt with iodine content ≥15 mg/kg to reach 48·5 % among children using table salt with 0 mg iodine/kg. Analysis of water samples taken from schools showed that the majority of water samples (78·8 %) had an iodine content of 0 µg/l.ConclusionsThe study documented that 18 years after the national study, and after more than a decade of universal salt iodization in Saudi Arabia, the problem of iodine-deficiency disorders is still endemic in the Aseer region. Efforts should focus on fostering advocacy and communication and ensuring the availability of adequately iodized salt.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Sustainability of the Iodine-Deficiency Disorders Control Program in Lesotho

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masekonyela Linono Damane Sebotsa ◽  
André Dannhauser ◽  
Pieter L. Jooste ◽  
Gina Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Salt Iodization

Background Evaluation of the sustainability of iodine-deficiency disorders control programs guarantees successful and sustained virtual elimination of iodine deficiency. The Lesotho universal salt iodization legislation was enacted in 2000 as an iodine-deficiency disorders control program and has never been evaluated. Objectives To assess the sustainability of the salt iodization program in Lesotho, 2 years after promulgation of the universal salt iodization legislation. Methods The proportion to population size method of sampling was used in 2002 to select 31 clusters in all ecological zones and districts of Lesotho. In each cluster, 30 women were selected to give urine and salt samples and 30 schoolchildren to give urine samples. The salt samples were analyzed by the iodometric titration method, and the ammonium persulfate method was used to analyze the urine samples. The chairperson of the iodine-deficiency disorders control program was interviewed on programmatic indicators of sustainability. SAS software was used for statistical analysis of the data. Results The urinary iodine concentrations of very few children (10.1% and 21.5%) and women (9.8% and 17.9%) were lower than 50 μg/L and 100 μg/L, respectively. At the household level, 86.9% of the households used adequately iodized salt. Only four indicators of sustainability have been attained by the salt iodization program in Lesotho. Conclusions Iodine-deficiency disorders have been eliminated as a public health problem in Lesotho, but this elimination is not sustainable. Effective regular monitoring of salt iodine content at all levels, with special attention to iodization of coarse salt, is recommended, together with periodic evaluation of the iodization program.

Study of Urinary Iodine Level Assessment and its Relation to Thyroid Function during Pregnancy

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Shoukry Mohamed ◽  
Merhan Samy Nasr ◽  
Salah Hussien El-Halawany ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Abbas ◽  
Salma Said Hassan Tayeh
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Excess Iodine ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Iodine Level

Abstract Background The global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to poor monitoring, is currently a more frequent occurrence than iodine deficiency. Iodine excess is a precipitating environmental factor in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Aim of the study to evaluate the urinary iodine level as a marker of iodine status in pregnant women in 3rd trimester and assess its relation to thyroid functions. Patients and Methods This Cross Sectional Study was conducted on 100 subjects with their ages ranging from 18-35 years old, pregnant females, at the third trimester, selected from Obstetric Out- patient Clinic of Ain shams University Hospitals. Samples were collected from participants in cairo, during the Spring and Summer from March to August. Results in our study, there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and TSH as Iodine difficient group has the Highest TSH, and the Highest Thyroid Volume, as there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and Thyroid Volume. Conclusion TSH level and Thyroid Volume were global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to significantly higher in Iodine difficient group than Excess iodine group, And FT4 level was lower in Iodine difficient group than excess iodine group.

scholarly journals Iodine Content of Salt Use after Years of Universal Iodization Policy and Knowledge on Iodized Salt among Households in the Sissala East Municipality in Upper West Region of Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Prince Kubi Appiah ◽  
Clement Tiimim Yanbom ◽  
Martin Amogre Ayanore ◽  
Alex Bapula
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Salt Iodization

Background. Iodine deficiency is a global public health concern as it leads to inadequate production of thyroid hormone in the body, causing too many destructive consequences on the roles and functions of different human organs and muscles including brain growth and can manifest into many damaging effects such as intestinal cerebral impedance, cancer of intestine, breast disorders, and physical deformities like goitre and cretinism to one’s body. Despite all these negative effects, there are several important public health programs including universal salt iodization (USI) to improve on households’ iodine intake, notwithstanding this, countless families are still eating foods containing less iodine or no iodine at all. Hence, this study examined the intake of iodized salt after years of universal salt iodization and the knowledge on iodized salt among households in the Sissala East Municipality. Method. A descriptive cross-sectional study was adopted to collect data for the study. Data were collected from women in charge of household meal preparation using a semistructured questionnaire and rapid field iodine test kits. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for the data analysis and presented in tables and graphs. p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Findings. Only 41.4% of the households have good knowledge on benefits of iodized salt and dangers associated with iodine deficiency. It was realized that the health workers (46.6%) and television were the main sources of information on iodized salt. Household salt usage with adequate (>15 ppm) levels of iodine was 44.0%; however 85.9% of the salts were stored in covered containers. The study showed significant associations between knowledge on iodized salt and educational level (p≤0.001), occupation (p=0.043), religion (p=0.027), and ethnic lineage (p=0.046). Also, the use of iodized salt showed associations with the educational level (p≤0.001), occupation (p=0.003), religion (p=0.042), and knowledge on iodized salt (p≤0.001). Conclusions. Only about 4 in 10 households were consuming salt with adequate iodine, and this coverage is very low compared with the 90% or more coverage recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD. Having secondary and tertiary education and having good knowledge of iodized salt has a great influence on the use of iodized salt; however, with this low level of knowledge of importance of iodized salt among women responsible for house food preparations, there is the need for health professionals to intensify education and promotion on iodized salt in the area and to monitor and verify iodine content of salts produced and sold in the market all times, as the source of the salt might have contributed to the low levels of iodine in the household salt.

scholarly journals Iodine Content of Packaged Salt and Related Knowledge and Storage Practices at Household Level in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Md Sujan Hossen ◽  
Md Nazrul Islam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
And Storage

Aims: Iodine deficiency disorders are one of the major public health concerns in Bangladesh. Regular consumption of iodized salt can help combat these disorders. The aims of this study were to determine the content of iodine in edible packaged salt and to assess iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Study Design: The study was an experimental cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted from June 2019 to July 2019 in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. A total of 120 households were selected for interview and packaged salt sample collection. The chemical analysis was done in the Food Analysis Laboratory of Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka. Methodology: A closed-ended questionnaire was used for collection of information. Iodometric titration method was used to determine the content of iodine in packaged salt samples. Results: The mean (±SD) iodine content in the salt samples was 31.469 (±10.196) ppm. More than 90% salt samples were adequately iodized. Twenty five percent of the respondents know that consumption of iodized salt helps prevent goiter. Only 10.8% of the respondents know that iodine content decreases if iodized salt is stored close to fire. About 87% of them store salt away from fire. Conclusion: Along with consuming packaged iodized salt, householders should be educated about iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices to control iodine deficiency disorders.

scholarly journals Improving the Accuracy of Iodization of the Dietary Salt Supplies of Populations

2015 ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
Pieter Jooste ◽  
Frits Van Der Haar
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Quality Management System ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Salt Iodine ◽  
Salt Industry

Objectives: The mandate of this working group was to assess the importance of salt iodine quality in successful IDD prevention and control. Examine the role of salt iodine content in quality assurance, inspection, surveillance, and coalition oversight of IDD programs. Methods: Scientific literature, technical reports and a range of data and information sources were reviewed to determine whether accurate salt iodization was making a critical contribution toward safe and successful IDD programs. Results: Evidence and examples were collected on salt iodine data in quality assurance of iodization by salt industry, assessments of iodized salt quality by inspectors in factories and markets, surveillance of USI strategies and dietary iodine supplies by program managers, and in provision of coalition oversight by high-level officials. Conclusions: Because salt iodization is a supply-based strategy, reliable accuracy at the source is most critical. It is therefore vital that each salt factory should adopt a quality management system, with standard operating procedures at least for the manufacturing and packaging of iodized salt. Titration is preferred but other quantitative methods with e.g. the WYD Checker, i-Reader or Bioanalyt can also yield accurate data. Improved accuracy down the supply chain is desirable, especially in surveillance, but commonly points to the need for ensured accuracy at the source when quality failures are discovered. The need remains for an agreed approach to obtain reliable data of the use of iodized salt in the food manufacturing industry. 

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of People in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, with Regard to Iodine-Deficiency Disorders and Iodized Salt

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Yamada ◽  
D. Oyunchimeg ◽  
T. Igari ◽  
D. Buttumur ◽  
M. Oyunbileg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Salt Iodization

In 1995 Mongolia introduced a national programme of salt iodization to eliminate iodine-deficiency disorders. To investigate the extent of acceptability and utilization of iodized salt, a study of people's knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) was carried out in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar, in 1996 and 1997. A total of 838 people (housewives, parents of schoolchildren, post-partum women, and pregnant women) were interviewed about their KAP regarding iodine-deficiency disorders and iodized salt. In addition, the amount of salt consumption at the household level was examined. Over 95% of the study population knew about iodine-deficiency disorders and iodized salt, and most of them received the information from television and radio. About 90% of them had already used iodized salt. The price of iodized salt is a little higher than that of common salt, but it is still affordable for most people. This study demonstrates the possibility of the expansion of the programme nationwide.

scholarly journals Randomized clinical trial comparing different iodine interventions in school children

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkou Zhao ◽  
Fujie Xu ◽  
Qinlan Zhang ◽  
Li Shang ◽  
Aixiang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
World Health ◽  
Iodized Oil ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this trial was to compare three different iodine interventions.DesignSchool children aged 8–10 years were randomized into one of three groups: group A was provided with iodized salt by researchers with an iodine concentration of 25 ppm; group B purchased iodized salt from the market; and group C was similar to group B with the exception that they were given iodized oil capsules containing 400 mg iodine at the beginning of the study. Salt iodine content was measured bimonthly for 18 months and indicators of iodine deficiency were measured at baseline and 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after randomization.ResultsThe prevalence of abnormal thyroid volumes, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) body surface area reference > 97th percentile, was 18% at baseline and declined to less than 5% by 12 months in groups A and C, and to 9% after 18 months in group B. Results for goitre by palpation were similar. The median urinary iodine was 94 μgl−1 at baseline and increased in all groups to > 200 μgl−1 at the 6-month follow-up.ConclusionsIn this population of school children with initially a low to moderate level of iodine deficiency, the group receiving salt with 25 ppm (group A) was not iodine deficient on all indicators after 18 months of study. When the iodine content of the salt varied, such as in group B, by 18 months thyroid sizes had not yet achieved normal status.

scholarly journals Community monitoring of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in the National Capital Region of Delhi

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 754-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhi Agarwal ◽  
Chandrakant S Pandav ◽  
Madhukar G Karmarkar ◽  
Sirimavo Nair
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
National Capital Region ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Capital Region ◽  
Community Monitoring ◽  
National Capital

AbstractObjectiveThe present study was conducted to assess the current status of iodine-deficiency disorders (IDD) in the National Capital Region of Delhi (NCR Delhi) and evaluate the implementation and impact of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSchool-going children (n1230) in the age group of 6–12 years were enrolled from thirty primary schools in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Thirty schools were selected using the probability-proportional-to-size cluster sampling methodology. In each identified school forty-one children were surveyed. Urine and salt samples were collected and studied for iodine concentration. A total of sixty salt samples from retail level were also collected.SubjectsSchoolchildren aged 6–12 years.ResultsThe median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was found to be 198·4 μg/l. The percentage of children with UIE levels of <20·0, 20·0–49·9, 50·0–99·9 and ≥100·0 μg/l was 1·9, 4·3, 9·5 and 84·2 %, respectively. The proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt (salt with iodine levels of at least 15 ppm at consumption level) was 88·8 %. The assessment of iodine content of salt revealed that only 6·1 % of the families were consuming salt with iodine content less than 7 ppm. At retail level 88·3 % of salt samples had >15 ppm iodine.ConclusionsSignificant progress has been achieved towards elimination of IDD from NCR Delhi. There is a need for further strengthening of the system to monitor the quality of iodized salt provided to the beneficiaries under the universal salt iodization programme and so eliminate IDD from NCR Delhi.

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