Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Evolved Gender Differences in Jealousy Prove Robust and Replicable

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Buss
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
The Status ◽  
High Investment ◽  
Genetic Parenthood ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Highly Cited

Infidelity poses threats to high-investment mating relationships. Because of gender differences in some aspects of reproductive biology, such as internal female fertilization, the nature of these threats differs for men and women. Men, but not women, for example, have recurrently faced the problem of uncertainty in their genetic parenthood. Jealousy is an emotion hypothesized to have evolved to combat these threats. The 1992 article Sex Differences in Jealousy: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology reported three empirical studies using two different methods, forced-choice and physiological experiments. Results supported the evolution-based hypotheses. The article became highly cited for several reasons. It elevated the status of jealousy as an important emotion to be explained by any comprehensive theory of human emotions. Subsequent meta-analyses robustly supported the evolutionary hypotheses. Moreover, the work supported the evolutionary meta-theory of gender differences, which posits differences only in domains in which the sexes have recurrently faced distinct adaptive problems. It also heralded the newly emerging field of evolutionary psychology as a useful perspective that possesses the scientific virtues of testability, falsifiability, and heuristic value in discovering previously unknown psychological phenomena.

Drug Assessment Instruments and Their Relevance with Women

2019 ◽  
pp. V-4-Issue-4
Author(s):  
Sam Choi, Ph.D., M.S.W.
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Study Finding ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
The Status ◽  
Scholarly Inquiry

Reviews of literature reveal that there is recognition of the importance of development women-sensitive drug assessment instrument. However, validating existing drug assessment instruments with women and development of women-sensitive assessment tools remain in opaque areas for scholarly inquiry. The purposes of this paper are twofold: 1) to investigate outcomes of evaluation studies of existing drug abuse assessment instruments in woman population samples; 2) to examine the status of the empirical studies on psychometric properties among those instruments. This review investigates four drug assessment instruments including ASI, DAST, DUSI, and MMPI-s. A review of literature yields little evidence that research has been responding to ensure gender differences in drug assessment instruments. This study finding suggests the great demands of further research on validating existing drug assessment instruments and development of women-sensitive assessment instruments.

Healthy Children and Fears about Death

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannelore Wass
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Frequency Intensity

Some explanations for the paucity of empirical studies of death fears in healthy, nonbereaved children are offered, and issues in studying this topic are discussed. Three major findings from the existing literature — occurrence, age/developmental differences, and gender differences in frequency, intensity, and quality — are presented, followed by a discussion of questions that remain largely unanswered and explanations that may need revision.

scholarly journals Pre-post effect sizes should be avoided in meta-analyses

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cuijpers ◽  
E. Weitz ◽  
I. A. Cristea ◽  
J. Twisk
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Highly Cited

AimsThe standardised mean difference (SMD) is one of the most used effect sizes to indicate the effects of treatments. It indicates the difference between a treatment and comparison group after treatment has ended, in terms of standard deviations. Some meta-analyses, including several highly cited and influential ones, use the pre-post SMD, indicating the difference between baseline and post-test within one (treatment group).MethodsIn this paper, we argue that these pre-post SMDs should be avoided in meta-analyses and we describe the arguments why pre-post SMDs can result in biased outcomes.ResultsOne important reason why pre-post SMDs should be avoided is that the scores on baseline and post-test are not independent of each other. The value for the correlation should be used in the calculation of the SMD, while this value is typically not known. We used data from an ‘individual patient data’ meta-analysis of trials comparing cognitive behaviour therapy and anti-depressive medication, to show that this problem can lead to considerable errors in the estimation of the SMDs. Another even more important reason why pre-post SMDs should be avoided in meta-analyses is that they are influenced by natural processes and characteristics of the patients and settings, and these cannot be discerned from the effects of the intervention. Between-group SMDs are much better because they control for such variables and these variables only affect the between group SMD when they are related to the effects of the intervention.ConclusionsWe conclude that pre-post SMDs should be avoided in meta-analyses as using them probably results in biased outcomes.

Choice, voice and collaboration: using preference accommodation and feedback in trauma therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Case Vignette ◽  
Trauma Therapy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Choice Preference ◽  
Randomised Control Trials ◽  
Trauma Informed ◽  
Informed Treatment ◽  
Meta Analyses

Purpose Organisations are increasingly understanding the need to be trauma informed. However, how trauma therapies in such organisations apply the principles of choice and collaboration is less understood. The present paper applies two trans-theoretical methods for involving clients in their therapy through preference accommodation and feedback-informed treatment (FIT). A case vignette is provided demonstrating how to involve clients in trauma therapy by listening to their preferences, needs and by providing them with a voice on their experience of the process and outcome of care. Design/methodology/approach A focused review of the literature was conducted, with relevant randomised control trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses sourced. The resulting information informed the design and this model for working with those in trauma therapy. Findings The research regarding trauma-specific therapies being more effective is far from conclusive. At the same time, early attrition and negative outcomes make up a large percentage of those seeking therapy. Using preference accommodation and FIT is one possibly way to mitigate against these experiences in therapy and to provide choice, preference and collaboration consisting with the principles of trauma-informed approaches. Research limitations/implications Methods to improve the experiences of those seeking trauma therapy have been identified and discussed. According to the author’s knowledge, this is the first known paper aligning trauma therapy and trauma-informed approaches with preference accommodation and FIT. Future empirical studies may wish to examine the relative effectiveness of this approach. Practical implications Methods to improve outcomes for those seeking trauma therapy are at the disposal of practitioners. Improving outcomes, while also providing choice, voice and collaboration is a clinical setting. Originality/value This is a novel paper adding to value and extending how practitioners can use principles of trauma-informed approaches within trauma therapy.

scholarly journals Jealousy as a Function of Rival Characteristics: Two large replication studies and meta-analyses support gender differences in reactions to rival attractiveness but not dominance.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Victor Pollet ◽  
Tamsin Saxton
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Meta Analyses

Jealousy is a key emotion studied in the context of romantic relationships. One seminal study (Dijkstra, P., & Buunk, B. (1998). Jealousy as a function of rival characteristics: An evolutionary perspective. PSPB, 24(11), 1158–1166. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672982411003) investigated the interactions between a participant’s gender, and their reactions to the attractiveness or dominance of a romantic rival. In a vignette-based study, they found that women’s jealousy was more responsive than men’s to a rival’s attractiveness, whereas in contrast, the rival’s dominance evoked more jealousy from men than from women. Here, we attempt to replicate these interactions in two samples (N=339 and N=456), and present subsequent meta-analyses (combined Ns= 5,899 & 4,038, respectively). These meta-analyses showed a small, significant effect of gender on jealousy provoked by rival attractiveness, but no such response to rival dominance. We discuss the potential reasons for these findings, and future directions for research on jealousy and rival characteristics.

scholarly journals Obsessive healthy eating and orthorexic eating tendencies in sport and exercise contexts: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Strahler ◽  
Hanna Wachten ◽  
Anett Mueller-Alcazar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Exercise Behaviors ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractBackgroundOrthorexia Nervosa (ON) and exercise addiction (ExAdd) are two phenomena believed to overlap. We conducted a meta-analysis exploring the link between ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors.MethodsA systematic review of major databases and gray literature was carried out for studies reporting on ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors. Random effects meta-analyses were undertaken calculating correlations between ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors. A sub-group analysis investigated gender differences.ResultsTwenty-five studies with 10,134 participants (mean age = 25.21; 56.4% female) were included. Analyses showed a small overall correlation between ON and exercise (21 studies, r = 0.12, 95% CI |0.06–0.18|) and a medium overall correlation between ON and ExAdd (7 studies, r = 0.29, 95% CI |0.13–0.45|). Gender differences were negligible.ConclusionsOrthorexic eating correlated slightly and moderately with exercise and ExAdd, respectively, expressing some unique and shared variance of these behaviors. While this does not suggest ON and addictive exercising to be independent, it does not indicate substantial comorbidity. Future research should focus on clinical relevance, underlying mechanisms, vulnerability, and risk factors.

Gender-based perception of civil engineering and construction students towards infrastructure and community resilience

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Rokooei ◽  
Farshid Vahedifard ◽  
Solomon Belay
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Community Resilience ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Civil Engineers

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of gender differences in the perception of civil engineers and construction (CEC) students toward resilience to natural hazards and extreme events in a changing climate. This study also explores to what extent CEC students perceive the status of the US infrastructure systems similar to an external evaluation model (i.e. American Society of Civil Engineers Infrastructure Report Card). Design/methodology/approach An empirical study was conducted to examine the perception of resilience among 103 females and 279 male CEC students from 15 universities across the USA. The obtained data were quantified, and different statistical methods were used to explore the similarities and differences in the gender group responses. Findings The results indicated a significant mean difference (disagreement) between male and female groups in the importance of community resilience, management and handling of natural hazards. In addition, while there was no meaningful difference between female and male students in their content knowledge, female students showed a more accurate perception about impacting factors involved. Originality/value The findings of this study offer new insight into the impacts of gender differences in the perception of resilience, which can be used to enhance the educational experience of CEC female students in areas related to community and infrastructure resilience.

Why Women Are Not Leading or Left Behind

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
Grace Kinyanjui
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Women And Leadership ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Gender Perceptions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Of Women

Men greatly outnumber women in leadership positions. Women are much less likely than men to be considered leaders. The status of women and leadership has been a quiet subject that is barely pronounced consciously. This is attributable to the various levels of discrimination, barriers, and biases that the society has towards women. The glass ceiling phenomenon is a great indicator and an illustrator of the fact that women have got what it takes to lead at the top levels in various spheres, but this has been curtailed by the various manifestations of the glass ceiling. Various scholars have demonstrated the contribution of inhibitions such as human capital differences, gender differences, as well as gender perceptions and biases. This chapter explores the intricate relationship and interplay between all these factors.

scholarly journals Physicians’ perceptions of palliative sedation for existential suffering: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Rodrigues ◽  
Johan Menten ◽  
Chris Gastmans
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Palliative Sedation ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Existential Suffering ◽  
Synthesis Methodology ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

BackgroundPalliative sedation for existential suffering (PS-ES) is a controversial clinical intervention. Empirical studies about physicians’ perceptions do not converge in a clear position and current clinical practice guidelines do not agree either regarding this kind of intervention.AimTo gain deeper insight into physicians’ perceptions of PS-ES, the factors influencing it, the conditions for implementing it and the alternatives to it.DesignSystematic review of qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies following the Peer Review Electronic Search Strategies and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses protocols; quality appraisal and thematic synthesis methodology.Data sourcesSeven electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES) were exhaustively searched from inception through March 2019. Two reviewers screened paper titles, abstracts and full texts. We included only peer-reviewed journal articles published in English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian or Portuguese that focused on physicians’ perceptions of PS-ES.ResultsThe search yielded 17 publications published between 2002 and 2017. Physicians do not hold clear views or agree if and when PS-ES is appropriate. Case-related and individual-related factors that influenced physicians’ perceptions were identified. There is still no consensus regarding criteria to distinguish between necessary and sufficient conditions for invoking PS-ES. Some alternatives to PS-ES were identified.ConclusionsTo date, there is still no consensus on physicians’ perceptions of PS-ES. Further research is necessary to understand factors that influence physicians’ perceptions and philosophical-ethical presuppositions underlying this perceptions.

Gender Differences and Hypermedia Navigation

2011 ◽  
pp. 278-292
Author(s):  
Jing Ping Fan ◽  
Robert D. Macredie
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Adaptive Hypermedia ◽  
Adaptive Presentation ◽  
Hypermedia Learning ◽  
Navigation Support

Adaptive hypermedia learning systems can be developed to adapt to a diversity of individual differences. Many studies have been conducted to design systems to adapt to learners’ individual characteristics, such as learning style and cognitive style to facilitate student learning. However, no research has been done specifically regarding the adaptation of hypermedia learning system to gender differences. This chapter therefore attempts to fill this gap by examining the published findings from experimental studies of interaction between gender differences and hypermedia learning. Analysis of findings of the empirical studies leads to a set of principles being proposed to guide adaptive hypermedia learning system design onthe basis of gender differences in relation to (i) adaptive presentation and (ii) adaptive navigation support.

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