scholarly journals Obsessive healthy eating and orthorexic eating tendencies in sport and exercise contexts: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Strahler ◽  
Hanna Wachten ◽  
Anett Mueller-Alcazar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Exercise Behaviors ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractBackgroundOrthorexia Nervosa (ON) and exercise addiction (ExAdd) are two phenomena believed to overlap. We conducted a meta-analysis exploring the link between ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors.MethodsA systematic review of major databases and gray literature was carried out for studies reporting on ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors. Random effects meta-analyses were undertaken calculating correlations between ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors. A sub-group analysis investigated gender differences.ResultsTwenty-five studies with 10,134 participants (mean age = 25.21; 56.4% female) were included. Analyses showed a small overall correlation between ON and exercise (21 studies, r = 0.12, 95% CI |0.06–0.18|) and a medium overall correlation between ON and ExAdd (7 studies, r = 0.29, 95% CI |0.13–0.45|). Gender differences were negligible.ConclusionsOrthorexic eating correlated slightly and moderately with exercise and ExAdd, respectively, expressing some unique and shared variance of these behaviors. While this does not suggest ON and addictive exercising to be independent, it does not indicate substantial comorbidity. Future research should focus on clinical relevance, underlying mechanisms, vulnerability, and risk factors.

scholarly journals A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN TRUST

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S477-S477
Author(s):  
Phoebe E Bailey ◽  
Tarren Leon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Effect Of Age

Abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis quantifies the magnitude and breadth of age-related differences in trust. Thirty-eight independent data sets met criteria for inclusion. Overall, there was a moderate effect of age group on trust (g = 0.22), whereby older adults were more trusting than young adults. Three additional meta-analyses assessed age-related differences in trust in response to varying degrees of trustworthiness. This revealed that older adults were more trusting than young adults in response to neutral (g = 0.31) and negative (g = 0.33), but not positive (g = 0.15), indicators of trustworthiness. The effect of age group on trust in response to positive and neutral cues was moderated by type of trust (financial vs. non-financial) and type of responding (self-report vs. behavioral). Older adults were more trusting than young adults in response to positive and neutral indicators of trustworthiness when trust was expressed non-financially, but not financially. There was also an age-related increase in self-reported, but not behavioral, trust in response to neutral cues. Older adults were more trusting than young adults in response to negative indicators of trustworthiness regardless of the type of trust or type of responding. The reliability of information about trustworthiness (superficial vs. genuine cues) did not moderate any effects of age on trust. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

Psychosocial Interventions for Family Carers of People With Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1198-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Áine Teahan ◽  
Attracta Lafferty ◽  
Eilish McAuliffe ◽  
Amanda Phelan ◽  
Liam O’Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Study Designs

Objective:This study aimed to review and synthesize findings of the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions aimed at improving outcomes for family carers of people with dementia. Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We systematically searched the following databases: Cochrane, PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycInfo, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA). RevMan 5 software was used to conduct meta-analysis and subgroup analysis using a random-effects model. Results: The search yielded 22 high-quality intervention articles that were suitable for further meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that psychosocial interventions have a small to moderate significant effect on carer burden (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.34, confidence interval [CI] = [−0.59, −0.09]), depression (SMD = −0.36, CI = [−0.60, −0.13]), and general health (SMD = 0.34, CI = [0.18, 0.51]). Discussion: Psychosocial interventions had a positive impact on carer outcomes; however, these results should be interpreted with caution, given the significant level of heterogeneity in study designs. Future research could examine contextual and implementation mechanisms underlying psychosocial interventions to develop effective support systems for family carers of people with dementia.

scholarly journals Radiology artificial intelligence, a systematic evaluation of methods (RAISE): a systematic review protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Kelly ◽  
Conor Judge ◽  
Stephanie M. Bollard ◽  
Simon M. Clifford ◽  
Gerard M. Healy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Collaboration ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Registration Number

Abstract Introduction There has been a recent explosion of research into the field of artificial intelligence as applied to clinical radiology with the advent of highly accurate computer vision technology. These studies, however, vary significantly in design and quality. While recent guidelines have been established to advise on ethics, data management and the potential directions of future research, systematic reviews of the entire field are lacking. We aim to investigate the use of artificial intelligence as applied to radiology, to identify the clinical questions being asked, which methodological approaches are applied to these questions and trends in use over time. Methods and analysis We will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and by the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. We will perform a literature search through MEDLINE (Pubmed), and EMBASE, a detailed data extraction of trial characteristics and a narrative synthesis of the data. There will be no language restrictions. We will take a task-centred approach rather than focusing on modality or clinical subspecialty. Sub-group analysis will be performed by segmentation tasks, identification tasks, classification tasks, pegression/prediction tasks as well as a sub-analysis for paediatric patients. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval will not be required for this study, as data will be obtained from publicly available clinical trials. We will disseminate our results in a peer-reviewed publication. Registration number PROSPERO: CRD42020154790

scholarly journals Mood Disorders and Gluten: It’s Not All in Your Mind! A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Busby ◽  
Justine Bold ◽  
Lindsey Fellows ◽  
Kamran Rostami
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Future Research ◽  
One Year ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Gluten elimination may represent an effective treatment strategy for mood disorders in individuals with gluten-related disorders. However, the directionality of the relationship remains unclear. We performed a systematic review of prospective studies for effects of gluten on mood symptoms in patients with or without gluten-related disorders. Six electronic databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library) were searched, from inception to 8 August 2018, for prospective studies published in English. Meta-analyses with random-effects were performed. Three randomised-controlled trials and 10 longitudinal studies comprising 1139 participants fit the inclusion criteria. A gluten-free diet (GFD) significantly improved pooled depressive symptom scores in GFD-treated patients (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD) −0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.55 to −0.20; p < 0.0001), with no difference in mean scores between patients and healthy controls after one year (SMD 0.01, 95% CI −0.18 to 0.20, p = 0.94). There was a tendency towards worsening symptoms for non-coeliac gluten sensitive patients during a blinded gluten challenge vs. placebo (SMD 0.21, 95% CI −0.58 to 0.15; p = 0.25). Our review supports the association between mood disorders and gluten intake in susceptible individuals. The effects of a GFD on mood in subjects without gluten-related disorders should be considered in future research.

scholarly journals The Effects of Gamification on Computerized Cognitive Training: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

10.2196/18644 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e18644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie F Vermeir ◽  
Melanie J White ◽  
Daniel Johnson ◽  
Geert Crombez ◽  
Dimitri M L Van Ryckeghem
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computerized Cognitive Training ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Game Elements ◽  
The Impact

Background There has been a growing interest in the application of gamification (ie, the use of game elements) to computerized cognitive training. The introduction of targeted gamification features to such tasks may increase motivation and engagement as well as improve intervention effects. However, it is possible that game elements can also have adverse effects on cognitive training (eg, be a distraction), which can outweigh their potential motivational benefits. So far, little is known about the effectiveness of such applications. Objective This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of gamification on process outcomes (eg, motivation) and on changes in the training domain (eg, cognition), as well as to explore the role of potential moderators. Methods We searched PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ProQuest Psychology, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Xplore, Association for Computing Machinery, and a range of gray-area literature databases. The searches included papers published between 2008 and 2018. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. Results The systematic review identified 49 studies, of which 9 randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the review indicated that research in this context is still developing and lacks well-controlled empirical studies. Gamification in cognitive training is applied to a large range of age groups and audiences and is mostly delivered at a research site through computers. Rewards and feedback continue to dominate the gamification landscape, whereas social-oriented features (eg, competition) are underused. The meta-analyses showed that gamified training tasks were more motivating/engaging (Hedges g=0.72) and more demanding/difficult (Hedges g=–0.52) than non- or less-gamified tasks, whereas no effects on the training domain were found. Furthermore, no variables moderated the impact of gamified training tasks. However, meta-analytic findings were limited due to a small number of studies. Conclusions Overall, this review provides an overview of the existing research in the domain and provides evidence for the effectiveness of gamification in improving motivation/engagement in the context of cognitive training. We discuss the shortcomings in the current literature and provide recommendations for future research.

Risk of Depression in Patients With Psoriatic Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 120347542097747
Author(s):  
Aysha Lukmanji ◽  
Robert B. Basmadjian ◽  
Isabelle A. Vallerand ◽  
Scott B. Patten ◽  
Karen L. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Psoriatic Disease ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Psoriasis Severity

Background Previous systematic reviews have assessed the prevalence and odds ratio (OR) of depression for patients with psoriatic disease. Due to probable bidirectional effects, prevalence and prevalence ORs are difficult to interpret. No prior reviews have quantified the relative risk (RR) of depression following a diagnosis of psoriatic disease. Objective To estimate the RR of depression in individuals with psoriasis and in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), clear-to-moderate psoriasis, and moderate-to-severe psoriasis subgroups. Methods Observational studies investigating the risk of depression in adults with psoriatic disease were systematically searched for in Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases; 4989 unique references were screened. Studies that reported measures of incident depression in psoriasis patients were included. Thirty-one studies were included into the systematic review, of which 17 were meta-analyzed. Random effects models were employed to synthesize relevant data. Sources of heterogeneity were explored with subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results Seventeen studies were included in meta-analyses. The pooled RR of depression in psoriasis patients compared to nonpsoriasis controls was 1.48 (95% CI: 1.16-1.89). Heterogeneity was high (I2 = 99.8%). Subgroup analysis and meta-regression did not indicate that PsA status or psoriasis severity (clear-to-mild, moderate-to-severe) were sources of heterogeneity. No evidence of publication bias was found. Conclusions This review demonstrates that the risk of depression is greater in patients with psoriasis and PsA. Future research should focus on developing strategies to address the mental health needs of this patient population for depression, including primary prevention, earlier detection, and treatment strategies.

Gender differences in blindness, cataract blindness and cataract surgical coverage in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manya Prasad ◽  
Sumit Malhotra ◽  
Mani Kalaivani ◽  
Praveen Vashist ◽  
Sanjeev K Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Gender Differentials ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Meta Analyses

BackgroundThe magnitude of blindness is unevenly distributed worldwide. This systematic review aimed to study gender differences in the prevalence of blindness, cataract blindness and cataract surgical coverage in India among persons aged 50 years and above.MethodsLiterature search was carried out in the Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar, EMBASE and Trip databases. Data were abstracted and risk of bias was assessed for the selected full-text articles. Pooled prevalence, ORs and risk differences were synthesised by meta-analyses.Results22 studies were included in the systematic review. The pooled prevalence of blindness obtained for men was 4.17% and that for women was 5.68%. Women had 35% higher odds of being blind (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.62) and 69% higher odds of being cataract blind (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.44 to 1.95). Women had a 27% lower odds of getting cataract surgery (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.01). In women, around 35% of the prevalence of blindness and 33% of the prevalence of cataract blindness are attributable to their gender.ConclusionMarked gender differences in blindness, cataract blindness and cataract surgical coverage were seen in India, with the odds being unfavourable for women. Interventions implemented for reduction of blindness, including cataract blindness, need to consider these gender differentials in the Indian context. Further research is needed to ascertain the reasons for these differences and devise interventions to reduce these differences in order to tackle the magnitude of avoidable blindness in India.

scholarly journals The Effects of Gamification on Computerized Cognitive Training: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie F Vermeir ◽  
Melanie J White ◽  
Daniel Johnson ◽  
Geert Crombez ◽  
Dimitri M L Van Ryckeghem
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computerized Cognitive Training ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Game Elements ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND There has been a growing interest in the application of gamification (ie, the use of game elements) to computerized cognitive training. The introduction of targeted gamification features to such tasks may increase motivation and engagement as well as improve intervention effects. However, it is possible that game elements can also have adverse effects on cognitive training (eg, be a distraction), which can outweigh their potential motivational benefits. So far, little is known about the effectiveness of such applications. OBJECTIVE This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of gamification on process outcomes (eg, motivation) and on changes in the training domain (eg, cognition), as well as to explore the role of potential moderators. METHODS We searched PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ProQuest Psychology, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Xplore, Association for Computing Machinery, and a range of gray-area literature databases. The searches included papers published between 2008 and 2018. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. RESULTS The systematic review identified 49 studies, of which 9 randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the review indicated that research in this context is still developing and lacks well-controlled empirical studies. Gamification in cognitive training is applied to a large range of age groups and audiences and is mostly delivered at a research site through computers. Rewards and feedback continue to dominate the gamification landscape, whereas social-oriented features (eg, competition) are underused. The meta-analyses showed that gamified training tasks were more motivating/engaging (Hedges g=0.72) and more demanding/difficult (Hedges g=–0.52) than non- or less-gamified tasks, whereas no effects on the training domain were found. Furthermore, no variables moderated the impact of gamified training tasks. However, meta-analytic findings were limited due to a small number of studies. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review provides an overview of the existing research in the domain and provides evidence for the effectiveness of gamification in improving motivation/engagement in the context of cognitive training. We discuss the shortcomings in the current literature and provide recommendations for future research.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyber-Victimization and Educational Outcomes for Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Gardella ◽  
Benjamin W. Fisher ◽  
Abbie R. Teurbe-Tolon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Variance Estimation ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cyber Victimization ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Adolescents’ Internet use is increasingly mobile, private, and unsupervised, which raises concerns given that the Internet increasingly serves as a medium for experiencing victimization. Although it is widely recognized that in-person victimization has a deleterious effect on adolescents’ educational outcomes, the extent to which cyber-victimization has similar effects is less well known. This systematic review and meta-analysis offers a synthesis of the relationship between cyber-victimization and educational outcomes of adolescents aged 12 to 17, including 25 effect sizes from 12 studies drawn from a variety of disciplines. A series of random-effects meta-analyses using robust variance estimation revealed associations between cyber-victimization and higher school attendance problems (r = .20) and academic achievement problems (r = .14). Results did not differ by provided definition, publication status, reporting time frame, gender, race/ethnicity, or average age. Implications for future research are discussed within context of theoretical, critical, and applied discussions.

Comparing the Well-Being of Para and Olympic Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Macdougall ◽  
Paul O’Halloran ◽  
Nora Shields ◽  
Emma Sherry
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Olympic Sport

This systematic review included 12 studies that compared the well-being of Para and Olympic sport athletes. Meta-analyses revealed that Para athletes, compared with Olympic sport athletes, had lower levels of self-acceptance, indicated by athletic identity, d = -0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.77, -0.16], and body-image perceptions, d = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.07], and differed from Olympic sport athletes in terms of their motivation, indicated by a greater mastery-oriented climate, d = 0.74, 95% CI [0.46, 1.03]. Given an inability to pool the remaining data for meta-analysis, individual standardized mean differences were calculated for other dimensions of psychological and subjective well-being. The results have implications for professionals and coaches aiming to facilitate the well-being needs of athletes under their care. Future research would benefit from incorporating established models of well-being based on theoretical rationale combined with rigorous study designs.

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