scholarly journals Language and transient emotional states affect implicit cultural bias

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1242-1249
Author(s):  
Ceri Ellis ◽  
Lowri Hadden ◽  
Manon Wyn Jones
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Cultural Bias ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Induced Mood

Bilinguals react to cultural information in a language-dependent fashion, but it is unknown whether this is influenced by the individual’s emotional state. Here, we show that induced mood states increase cultural bias—measured using the Implicit Association Test (IAT)—but this effect occurs asymmetrically across languages. In the native language, bilinguals show a strong cultural bias, which is not influenced by mood. But in the non-native language, a relatively low cultural bias significantly increases as a function of a positive or negative mood. Our findings suggest that the native language promotes an inherent cultural bias, which is impervious to fluctuations in the bilingual’s mood state. In the second language, however, bilinguals are culturally impartial, unless they are in a heightened mood state.

Trait Anxiety among Undergraduates According to the Implicit Association Test

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Huang ◽  
Zhibing Yang ◽  
Danmin Miao ◽  
Huijie Lu ◽  
Xia Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Subject Factor ◽  
High Trait Anxiety ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Group Matching

Trait anxiety, which includes stress and anxiety, affects mental health. However, early studies using the Implicit Association Test–Anxiety (IAT–Anxiety) did not consider the participants' trait anxiety. In the present study, the hypothesis that trait anxiety would influence the results of the IAT–Anxiety was tested. A total of 148 healthy undergraduates were assessed with the Profile of Mood State (POMS) test and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to test explicit anxiety; they were then assessed for implicit anxiety with the IAT–Anxiety. High trait anxiety was positively correlated with negative mood; low trait anxiety tended to be associated with greater vigor and higher self-esteem. Significant main effects were found for both critical block and group among participants who received the IAT–Anxiety. Future studies of the IAT–Anxiety should consider trait anxiety as a within-subject factor for group matching to enhance the persuasiveness of the results.

scholarly journals Positive and negative mood states do not influence cross-modal auditory distraction in the serial-recall paradigm

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260699
Author(s):  
Saskia Kaiser ◽  
Axel Buchner ◽  
Raoul Bell
Keyword(s):  
Serial Recall ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Auditory Distraction ◽  
State Effect ◽  
Serial Recall Task ◽  
Negative Mood States ◽  
Emotional Pictures ◽  
Automatic Capture

The aim of this study was to examine whether positive and negative mood states affect auditory distraction in a serial-recall task. The duplex-mechanism account differentiates two types of auditory distraction. The changing-state effect is postulated to be rooted in interference-by-process and to be automatic. The auditory-deviant effect is attributed to attentional capture by the deviant distractors. Only the auditory-deviant effect, but not the changing-state effect, should be influenced by emotional mood states according to the duplex-mechanism account. Four experiments were conducted to test how auditory distraction is affected by emotional mood states. Mood was induced by autobiographical recall (Experiments 1 and 2) or the presentation of emotional pictures (Experiments 3 and 4). Even though the manipulations were successful in inducing changes in mood, neither positive mood (Experiments 1 and 3) nor negative mood (Experiments 2 and 4) had any effect on distraction despite large samples sizes (N = 851 in total). The results thus are not in line with the hypothesis that auditory distraction is affected by changes in mood state. The results support an automatic-capture account according to which the auditory-deviant effect and the changing-state effect are mainly stimulus-driven effects that are rooted in the automatic processing of the to-be-ignored auditory stream.

scholarly journals Measurement of Mood States Following Light Alcohol Consumption: Evidence from the Implicit Association Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motohiro Ito ◽  
Naoyuki Matsuzaki ◽  
Jun Kawahara
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Baseline Test ◽  
The Impact

As the problems of mood measurements during alcohol consumption of alcoholic beverages do not necessarily evoke interpretable physiological responses, explicit reports may be contaminated by various cognitive biases or expectations. The present study examined whether emotional responses induced by the consumption of beverages containing low concentrations of alcohol can be measured using the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The IAT can detect the estimates of internal proximity between bipolar target concepts (e.g., cheerfulness and fatigue). Participants (N = 30) received three IAT sessions, followed by drinking a beverage containing 0% (control), 1%, or 3% alcohol by volume, and three IATs (at 0, 30, and 60 min after the time of consumption). We also recorded the explicit responses regarding the extent of drunkenness. The analyses of variance with alcohol concentration and time reveal dissociation between implicit and explicit measures. The IAT scores under the alcohol conditions reflect a more cheerful mood state relative to the baseline test. This effect of enhanced cheerfulness was not observed under the non-alcohol control condition. These results demonstrate that the impact of the consumption of low-alcohol beverages on mood can be measured using the IAT.

Decision Making under Uncertainty and Information Processing in Positive and Negative Mood States

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachi Nandan Mohanty ◽  
Damodar Suar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
Heuristic Information Processing ◽  
Institute Of Technology

This study examines whether mood states (a) influence decision making under uncertainty and (b) affect information processing. 200 students at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur participated in this study. Positive mood was induced by showing comedy movie clips to 100 participants and negative mood was induced by showing tragedy movie clips to another 100 participants. The participants were administered a questionnaire containing hypothetical situations of financial gains and losses, and a health risk problem. The participants selected a choice for each situation, and stated the reasons for their choice. Results suggested that the participants preferred cautious choices in the domain of gain and in health risk problems and risky choices in the domain of loss. Analysis of the reasons for the participants' choices suggested more fluency, originality, and flexibility of information in a negative mood compared to a positive mood. A negative (positive) mood state facilitated systematic (heuristic) information processing.

The effect of mood induction and language of testing on bilingual creativity

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1079-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANATOLIY V. KHARKHURIN ◽  
JEANETTE ALTARRIBA
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Film Clips ◽  
Naming Test

This study explores the hypothesis that language of testing and mood states can influence creativity in bilinguals. Arabic–English bilingual speakers were induced into positive or negative mood states using film clips and recall-of-events procedures. Then, participants’ creativity was assessed with the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults. Participants were tested in either English or Arabic. A Picture Naming Test revealed English as participants’ stronger language and Arabic as their weaker language. Testing in English was found to enhance verbal fluency and originality, as compared to testing in Arabic. Most importantly, an interactive effect of induction (positive, negative) and language of testing (English, Arabic) on creativity emerged. The results revealed two conditions beneficial for participants’ nonverbal originality: a positive mood state when tested in English and a negative mood state when tested in Arabic. These results are discussed in light of the interactive effect of mood induction and linguistic context (stronger vs. weaker) on an individual's creativity.

Effects of Mood State and Favorability of Feedback on Reactions to Performance Feedback

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie B. Hammer ◽  
Eugene F. Stone-Romero
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Experimental Simulation ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Induced Mood ◽  
Experimentally Induced

An experimental simulation involving 55 women assessed the main and interactive effects of experimentally induced mood state (positive vs negative) and favorability of performance feedback (positive vs negative) on the perceived accuracy of feedback. The study was conducted in two sessions. During Session I the subjects role-played the position of an advertising agent and worked on an advertising task. In Session II they were administered either a positive or negative mood induction, given positive or negative feedback on the advertising task, and completed a measure of the perceived accuracy of feedback. Regression analyses indicated support for hypothesized main and interactive effects, suggesting that mood state and favorability of feedback interactively affect the perceived accuracy of received feedback.

scholarly journals Negative Mood States Correlate with Laterobasal Amygdala in Collegiate Football Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Byul Cho ◽  
Charles Elliott Bueler ◽  
Jennifer DiMuzio ◽  
Charlie Hicks-Little ◽  
Erin McGlade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Negative Mood States ◽  
Postconcussion Symptoms ◽  
Collegiate Football ◽  
The Relationship

A number of studies have suggested that sports-related concussion (SRC) may place individuals at increased risk for depression and negative outcomes including suicide. However, the mechanisms underlying a potential relationship between brain integrity and mood remain unclear. The current study is aimed at examining the association between amygdala shape, mood state, and postconcussion symptoms in collegiate football players. Thirty members of 1 football team completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS), the postconcussion symptom scale (PCSS), and an MRI protocol during preseason camp. T1-weighted images were acquired and three-dimensional amygdala and probabilistic maps were created for shape analysis. Correlation analyses between POMS and PCSS and the relationship between POMS and amygdala shape were completed. In the amygdala, the left laterobasal subregion showed a positive relationship with the POMS total score and subscales scores. No significant relationship between PCSS and amygdala shape was found. Significant positive correlations were found between POMS subscales and PCSS. These results indicate that amygdala structure may be more closely associated with negative mood states than postconcussion symptoms. These findings suggest that premorbid individual differences in effect may provide critical insight into the relationship between negative mood and outcomes in collegiate football players with SRC.

Induced Mood and Selective Attention

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Brand ◽  
L. Verspui ◽  
A. Oving
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Neutral Group ◽  
Induced Mood ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
The Mean

Subjects ( N = 60) were randomly assigned to an elated, depressed, or neutral mood-induction condition to assess the effect of mood state on cognitive functioning. In the elated condition film fragments expressing happiness and euphoria were shown. In the depressed condition some frightening and distressing film fragments were presented. The neutral group watched no film. Mood states were measured using the Profile of Mood States, and a Stroop task assessed selective attention. Both were presented by computer. The induction groups differed significantly in the expected direction on the mood subscales Anger, Tension, Depression, Vigour, and Fatigue, and also in the mean scale response times, i.e., slower responses for the depressed condition and faster for the elated one. Differences between conditions were found in the errors on the Stroop: in the depressed condition were the fewest errors and significantly longer error reaction times. Speed of error was associated with self-reported fatigue.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut-Brain Axis Improves Microbiome, Metabolism, and Mood

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M Talbott ◽  
Julie A Talbott ◽  
Bret J Stephens ◽  
Marc P Oddou
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Mood States ◽  
16S Sequencing ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Butyrate Kinase ◽  
Metabolic Biomarkers ◽  
Psychological Mood

Objective: There is a close bidirectional relationship between overweight/obesity and depression, which may be largely modified through the microbiome and the gut-brain axis. Previous research has shown targeted weight loss effects and anti-depressive benefits of diets high in fiber and phytonutrients and low in sugar and processed foods. Thus, our objective was to determine changes in parameters common to both obesity and depression (e.g., microbiome balance, metabolic biomarkers, and psychological mood state) following a coordinated supplementation regimen combining probiotics, prebiotics, and phytonutrients (“phytobiotics”).Methods: Thirty-three (33) healthy subjects participated in a 6-week supplementation trial (Amare “Project b3”) containing a targeted blend of probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics. Microbiome balance was assessed in fecal samples using a novel PCR-based analysis (BiomeTracker) that has previously compared favorably to 16S sequencing. Biomarkers, including blood lipids, glucose, cortisol, and butyrate kinase, were assessed as indicators of effects on cardiovascular, inflammatory, and energy metabolism. Psychological mood state was assessed using the validated Profile of Mood States survey (POMS) to generate scores for Global Mood State and six sub-scales (Depression, Tension, Fatigue, Anger, Confusion, and Vigor).Results: Following supplementation, there was a significant increase in populations of “good” bacteria (+8% Bifidobacterium, +33% Lactobacillus, +62% S. Thermophilus, +90% Akkermansia) as well as bacterial ratios associated with a healthier “obesity-resistant” metabolism (+6% composite score, -11% Firmicutes, +6% Bacteroidetes, -14% F/B ratio). Metabolites associated with stress and glycemic control improved post-supplementation (-11% cortisol; +89% butyrate kinase, -6% glucose), as did body fat (-2%) and blood lipids (-8% total cholesterol, -5% LDL, +3% HDL, -23% triglycerides, -7% TC/HDL). Psychological indices were significantly improved post-supplementation for both positive (+17% Global Mood; +23% Vigor) and negative mood states (-38% Depression; -41% Tension; -42% Fatigue; -31% Confusion; -39% Anger).Conclusions: These results demonstrate the close relationship between microbiome balance, systemic metabolism, and psychological parameters – and the utility of targeted supplementation to optimize gut-brain-axis balance for both improved metabolism and enhanced mental wellness.Keywords: Obesity; Depression; Anxiety; Stress; Probiotics; Prebiotics; Diet; Supplement

scholarly journals Induced Positive Mood and Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence from Task Switching and Reversal Learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy T. Nusbaum ◽  
Cristina G. Wilson ◽  
Anthony Stenson ◽  
John M. Hinson ◽  
Paul Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Mood Group

Positive mood often facilitates cognitive functions. Facilitation is hypothesized to be due to an increase in dopamine occurring in positive mood states. However, facilitation has not been consistently found in studies of cognitive flexibility. This inconsistent relationship may reflect the numerous ways cognitive flexibility is measured. Moreover, there is evidence that the role of dopamine in cognitive flexibility performance depends on the type of measure used. In the current study, we employed a probabilistic two-card reversal learning task (n = 129) and a Stroop-like task switching procedure (n = 188) in a college student population. We used a standardized set of mood videos to induce a positive, negative, or neutral mood state. Negative mood states were included to account for possible effects of arousal on performance, which is seen in both positive and negative mood inductions. Based on current theories of positive mood and cognition, we hypothesized that there would be differences in the effects of a positive mood induction on cognitive flexibility as assessed by task switching and reversal learning tasks. The mood induction successfully induced high levels of amusement and increased valence in the positive mood group and high levels of repulsion and decreased valence in the negative mood group. However, there were no differences in cognitive flexibility across any of the mood groups, as assessed by switch costs in task switching and correct choices after the reversal in reversal learning. Overall, these findings do not support the hypothesis that positive mood improves cognitive flexibility.

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