scholarly journals Automatic effects of covert practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110071
Author(s):  
Baptist Liefooghe ◽  
Ariane Jim ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Inner Speech ◽  
Practice Phase ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Response Congruency

Automatic behaviour is supposedly underlain by the unintentional retrieval of processing episodes, which are stored during the repeated overt practice of a task or activity. In the present study, we investigated whether covertly practicing a task (e.g., repeatedly imagining responding to a stimulus) also leads to the storage of processing episodes and thus to automatic behaviour. Participants first either responded overtly or covertly to stimuli according to a first categorization task in a practice phase. We then measured the presence of automatic response-congruency effects in a subsequent test phase that involved a different categorization task but the same stimuli and responses. Our results indicate that covert practice can lead to a response-congruency effect. We conclude that covert practice can lead to automatic behaviour and discuss the different components of covert practice, such as motor imagery, visual imagery, and inner speech, that contribute to the formation of processing episodes in memory.

Acquisition and Use of Mental Operators: Effects of Type of Practice

2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burkhard Müller ◽  
Jürgen Gehrke
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Acquisition Phase ◽  
Practice Test ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

Abstract. Planning interactions with the physical world requires knowledge about operations; in short, mental operators. Abstractness of content and directionality of access are two important properties to characterize the representational units of this kind of knowledge. Combining these properties allows four classes of knowledge units to be distinguished that can be found in the literature: (a) rules, (b) mental models or schemata, (c) instances, and (d) episodes or chunks. The influence of practicing alphabet-arithmetic operators in a prognostic, diagnostic, or retrognostic way (A + 2 = ?, A? = C, or ? + 2 = C, respectively) on the use of that knowledge in a subsequent test was used to assess the importance of these dimensions. At the beginning, the retrognostic use of knowledge was worse than the prognostic use, although identical operations were involved (A + 2 = ? vs. ? - 2 = A). This disadvantage was reduced with increased practice. Test performance was best if the task and the letter pairs were the same as in the acquisition phase. Overall, the findings support theories proposing multiple representational units of mental operators. The disadvantage for the retrognosis task was recovered in the test phase, and may be evidence for the importance of the order of events independent of the order of experience.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Embodied Mental Imagery Improves Memory

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110092
Author(s):  
Quentin Marre ◽  
Nathalie Huet ◽  
Elodie Labeye
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
First Person ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Memory Efficiency ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Emotional Systems

According to embodied cognition theory, cognitive processes are grounded in sensory, motor and emotional systems. This theory supports the idea that language comprehension and access to memory are based on sensorimotor mental simulations, which does indeed explain experimental results for visual imagery. These results show that word memorization is improved when the individual actively simulates the visual characteristics of the object to be learned. Very few studies, however, have investigated the effectiveness of more embodied mental simulations, that is, simulating both the sensory and motor aspects of the object (i.e., motor imagery) from a first-person perspective. The recall performances of 83 adults were analysed in four different conditions: mental rehearsal, visual imagery, third-person motor imagery, and first-person motor imagery. Results revealed a memory efficiency gradient running from low-embodiment strategies (i.e., involving poor perceptual and/or motor simulation) to high-embodiment strategies (i.e., rich simulation in the sensory and motor systems involved in interactions with the object). However, the benefit of engaging in motor imagery, as opposed to purely visual imagery, was only observed when participants adopted the first-person perspective. Surprisingly, visual and motor imagery vividness seemed to play a negligible role in this effect of the sensorimotor grounding of mental imagery on memory efficiency.

scholarly journals Target-oriented motor imagery for grasping action: different characteristics of brain activation between kinesthetic and visual imagery

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Hyung Lee ◽  
Eunkyung Kim ◽  
Han Gil Seo ◽  
Byung-Mo Oh ◽  
Hyung Seok Nam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Different Characteristics

Testing the Distinctiveness of Visual Imagery and Motor Imagery in a Reach Paradigm

2009 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Gabbard ◽  
Diala Ammar ◽  
Alberto Cordova
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Visual Imagery

scholarly journals Motor imagery vs. object-based visual imagery in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 642
Author(s):  
Ya-Ting Chen ◽  
Hao-Ling Chen ◽  
Kuo-Su Tsou ◽  
Ching-Ching Wong ◽  
Yang-Tan Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Adolescents With Autism

Repetition Enhances the Musicality of Randomly Generated Tone Sequences

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis ◽  
Rhimmon Simchy-Gross
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Exposure Phase ◽  
Music Training ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Random Sequences ◽  
Aesthetic Experiences ◽  
Subsequent Test

This study investigated the role of repetition on listener response. It tested the hypothesis that repetition, in the form of looping during an exposure phase, would make random sequences of tones sound more musical when rated later during a test phase. In Experiment 1, participants without special music training rated the musicality of random sequences of tones on a Likert-like scale from 1 to 7. Experiment 2 used the highest and lowest rated sequences as stimuli. In an initial exposure phase, participants heard half these sequences presented six times in a loop, and half of them presented only once. In a subsequent test phase, they rated the musicality of each sequence. Sequences that had been repeated were rated as more musical, regardless of whether they had received a high or low musicality rating in Experiment 1, but the effect size was small. These results, although limited in some respects, support a large body of literature pointing to the importance of repetition in aesthetic experiences of music.

Contralateral transfer of inhibitory and excitatory eyelid conditioning in the rabbit

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1b) ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Pearce ◽  
Anthony Montgomery ◽  
Anthony Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Eyelid Conditioning ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Excitatory Conditioning ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Conditioned Inhibitor ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Inhibition Experiment

In Experiment I, rabbits received training to establish a clicker as a conditioned inhibitor. In a subsequent test phase this stimulus was used as a signal for shock either to the eye reinforced during initial training or to the opposite eye. Learning to the clicker was slower in both conditions than in the appropriate control groups. The second experiment replicated the results of those subjects trained and tested with opposite eyes and ruled out the possibility that the slower learning was due to the effects of latent inhibition. Experiment III demonstrated that excitatory conditioning to a clicker to one eye facilitated future excitatory conditioning to that stimulus to the opposite eye. These results are consistent with the view that inhibitory and excitatory conditioning both involve the acquisition of a general, motivational conditioned response which is capable of mediating the transfer of conditioning across different response systems.

Controllability of Motor Imagery and Transformation of Visual Imagery

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiichi Naito
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
As If

This study examined the relation between control of motor imagery and generation and transformation of visual imagery by testing 54 subjects. We used two measures of the Controllability of Motor Imagery test to evaluate the ability to control motor imagery. One was a recognition test on which the subject imagines as if one sees another's movement, and the other was a regeneration test on which one imagines as if one moves one's own body. The former test score was related to processing time of a mental rotation task and the latter one was not but would reflect sport experience. It was concluded that two meanings of the test could reflect different aspects such as observational motor imagery and body-centered motor imagery.

scholarly journals Appetitive Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer in Participants with Normal-Weight and Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Theres Meemken ◽  
Annette Horstmann
Keyword(s):  
Normal Weight ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Important Player ◽  
Fractal Images ◽  
Three Factor Eating Questionnaire ◽  
Enriched Environments

Altered eating behavior due to modern, food-enriched environments has a share in the recent obesity upsurge, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to assess whether higher weight or weight gain are related to stronger effects of external cues on motivation-driven behavior. 51 people with and without obesity completed an appetitive Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) paradigm. During training, button presses as well as presentation of fractal images resulted in three palatable and one neutral taste outcome. In the subsequent test phase, outcome-specific and general behavioral bias of the positively associated fractal images on deliberate button press were tested under extinction. While all participants showed signs of specific transfer, general transfer was not elicited. Contrary to our expectations, there was no main effect of weight group on PIT magnitude. Participants with obesity exhibited higher scores in the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Disinhibition scale, replicating a very robust effect from previous literature. Individual Restraint scores were able to predict body-mass index (BMI) change after a three-year period. Our data indicate that PIT is an important player in how our environment influences the initiation of food intake, but its effects alone cannot explain differences in—or future development of—individual weight.

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