Development and Validation of a Lifestyle Behavior Tool in Overweight and Obese Women through Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

There is a paucity of effective intervention tools for overweight/obese women to assess, guide and monitor their eating behavior. This study aimed to develop a lifestyle intervention tool, assess its acceptability and usefulness, and verify its construct validity in overweight/obese women. The 6P tool (Portion, Proportion, Pleasure, Phase, Physicality, Psychology) was developed and 15 women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 were interviewed to assess its perceived acceptability and usefulness. Subsequently, the revised 6P tool was tested in 46 women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short (IPAQ), and weight were measured at baseline and one-month. Most participants were satisfied with the presentation of the 6P tool (86.8%), and agreed it was useful in guiding healthy eating (81.6%) and raising awareness of eating behavior (97.4%). There were significant improvements in cognitive restraint (p = 0.010) and disinhibition (p = 0.030) (TFEQ), portion size (P1), pleasure behaviors (P3), and total composite 6P score (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant reduction in weight or increase in physical activity. The 6P tool is acceptable and presents with good validity for assessing lifestyle behaviors.

Psychological Constructs and Dysfunctional Eating in Pakistani University Students

The&nbsp;present study aims to test a model that seeks to explainhow Parental Bonding and Loneliness may be responsible&nbsp;in the developmentof Dysfunctional Eating&nbsp;Patterns such as&nbsp;Cognitive Restraint,Emotional Eating, Uncontrolled Eating,&nbsp;Drive&nbsp;toward Thinness, Bulimiaand Dissatisfaction with Body Image.&nbsp;It was further hypothesizedthat&nbsp;Metacognitions, Core beliefs andMeta-Emotions&nbsp;would&nbsp;mediate&nbsp;between&nbsp;Loneliness,&nbsp;ParentalBonding, and the aforementioned Dysfunctional Eating Patterns. Correlationalresearch design&nbsp;has been&nbsp;used. A sample of 210 university studentswas selected from government and private universities. Urdu translated versionsof UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R-18,Eating Disorders Inventory-3, Parental Bonding&nbsp;Inventory,&nbsp;Beliefsabout Emotions Scale, Eating Disorders Belief Questionnaire&nbsp;andMetacognitions Questionnaire&nbsp;were&nbsp;used for assessment purposes.Correlational&nbsp;Analysis,&nbsp;and Multiple Hierarchical Regressionwere&nbsp;used to analyze the data.&nbsp;Almost all dimensions of&nbsp;ParentalBonding showed significant relationship with some patterns of DysfunctionalEating.&nbsp;Loneliness did not show any significant&nbsp;correlation withDysfunctional Eating.&nbsp;None&nbsp;of the hypothesized mediators(Metacognitions,&nbsp;Meta-Emotions and Core Beliefs) mediated&nbsp;therelationship between&nbsp;Parental Bonding dimensions and patterns&nbsp;ofDysfunctional Eating, yet&nbsp;some&nbsp;interesting relationships emerged.&nbsp;The findings of this research can help in understanding the culturaldifferences between East and West. Possible reasons why results could notsupport the previous literature are discussed. &nbsp;

Translation and validation of the Child Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQr17) in French-speaking Canadian children and adolescents

Objective: To translate and validate the Child Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQr17), assessing cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE) and emotional eating (EE), among French-speaking Canadian young individuals. Design: Phase 1 comprised a translation and the evaluation of the comprehension of the questionnaire. Phase 2 comprised a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the evaluation of internal consistency (Cronbach’s ⍺), test-retest reliability [Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC)] and construct validity, including correlations among the CTFEQr17 and EAT-26, anthropometrics, dietary intake and diet quality. Setting: Primary and secondary schools, Québec City, Canada. Participants: Phases 1 and 2 included 20 [40% boys, mean age 11.5 (SD 2.4) years] and 145 [48% boys, mean age 11.0 (SD 1.9) years] participants, respectively. Results: Phase 1 resulted in the questionnaire to be used in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the CFA revealed that the 17-item, three-factor model (CTFEQr17) provided an excellent fit. Internal consistency was good (Cronbach’s ⍺: 0.81-0.90). Test-retest reliability was moderate to good [ICC = 0.59, 95% CI (0.48-0.70), ICC = 0.78, 95% CI (0.70-0.84), ICC = 0.50, 95% CI (0.38-0.62) for CR, UE and EE respectively]. CR correlated with EAT-26 score (r = 0.43, P < 0.0001). UE and EE correlated negatively with BMI z-scores (r = −0.26, P = 0.003; r = −0.19, P = 0.03, respectively). CR correlated with the proportion of energy intake from protein and diet quality (r = 0.18, P = 0.04; r = 0.20, P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion: The CTFEQr17 is suitable to use among French-speaking Canadian young individuals.

Conducta alimentaria durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 (CoV-Eat Project): protocolo de un estudio transversal en países de habla hispana

Introducción: en diciembre de 2019 surgieron casos de neumonía de etiología desconocida, que más tarde fueron clasificados como coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave de tipo 2 (SARS-CoV-2). El 11 de marzo se declaró la pandemia por la enfermedad respiratoria coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), por lo que se recurrió a medidas de contención de la transmisión, como el distanciamiento social y confinamiento, medidas con conocidos efectos estresores que pueden influir en la conducta alimentaria. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación es identificar la conducta alimentaria a través de la restricción dietética, alimentación emocional e ingesta incontrolada, y explorar los factores asociados con estas conductas en adultos durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en países hispanohablantes. Método: se realizará un estudio transversal descriptivo, mediante un cuestionario en línea autoaplicado, el cual estará integrado por un cuestionario de conducta alimentaria (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18), información sociodemográfica y de salud, y características del estilo de vida antes y durante el confinamiento. Se realizará un análisis descriptivo de las variables, análisis bivariante y modelos de regresión lineal multivariantes para explorar los factores asociados con la conducta alimentaria en el distanciamiento social. Discusión: el confinamiento ha modificado la ingesta de alimentos hacia un patrón alimentario no saludable, reducción de la actividad física e incremento del sedentarismo. Sin embargo, no se ha analizado el papel de esta medida de contención en la conducta alimentaria desde la perspectiva de restricción, emociones e ingesta descontrolada, situación que brinda la oportunidad de estudiar este fenómeno en la población hispana e identificar los posibles factores asociados que puedan sentar las bases de intervenciones durante el confinamiento o posterior a este. Palabras clave: COVID-19, cuarentena, conducta alimentaria, protocolo.

Development of a Simplified Portion Size Selection Task

Portion size is an important determinant of energy intake and the development of easy to use and valid tools for measuring portion size are required. Standard measures, such as ad libitum designs and currently available computerized portion selection tasks (PSTs), have several limitations including only being able to capture responses to a limited number of foods, requiring participants’ physical presence and logistical/technical demands. The objective of the current study was to develop and test robust and valid measures of portion size that can be readily prepared by researchers and be reliably utilized for remote online data collection. We developed and tested two simplified PSTs that could be utilized online: (1) portion size images presented simultaneously along a horizontal continuum slider and (2) multiple-choice images presented vertically. One hundred and fifty participants (M = 21.35 years old) completed both simplified PSTs, a standard computerized PST and a series of questionnaires of variables associated with portion size (e.g., hunger, food item characteristics, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire). We found average liking of foods was a significant predictor of all three tasks and cognitive restraint also predicted the two simplified PSTs. We also found significant agreement between the standard PST and estimated portion sizes derived from the simplified PSTs when accounting for average liking. Overall, we show that simplified versions of the standard PST can be used online as an analogue of estimating ideal portion size.

Measuring and Leveraging Motives and Values in Dietary Interventions

Why measure and leverage food motives and values? Every failure and every success in dietary change can be connected to motivation. Therefore, this research question naturally arises: How can food motives and values be measured and leveraged to improve diet outcomes from the individual to populations? There are four ways that food motives and values (FMVs) can assist researchers and health professionals. First, FMVs can help to create a personalized approach to dietary change. Second, FMVs can inform content for dietary interventions. Third, these FMV measures can be used in data analysis to elucidate differences in adherence and outcomes among participants. Fourth, public health nutrition messages can be tailored using information on FMVs. Each of these uses has the potential to further the literature and inform future efforts to improve diet. A central aim of our study is to provide specific examples and recommendations on how to measure and leverage FMVs. To do so, we reviewed 12 measures included in the literature citing the Food Choice Questionnaire by Steptoe, Pollard, and Wardle, which was identified as the earliest, highly cited article appearing under the search terms “food motives” AND “food values” AND “eating behavior” AND “measure”. Specific details on how articles were selected from the citing literature are described in the Methods section. We also expound on our reasoning for including the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, which made for 13 measures in total. Our main finding is that each measure has strengths and shortcomings to consider in using FMVs to inform nutritional recommendations at different levels.

Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18) Spanish Version: Factor Structure Analysis among Normal Weight and Overweight Adults

The objective of this study was to examine the construct validity of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) Revised-18, an instrument designed to measure: Uncontrolled Eating, Emotional Eating and Cognitive Restraint, in a sample of Mexican adults of different weights. 342 man and women, with age range 19-79 years old (M=40), were recruited. TFEQ was emailed to the participants who earlier had their weight and height measured. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was applied to examine TFEQ structure. The original three factor structure was corroborated, with nine items loading high on Uncontrolled Eating factor, three on Emotional Eating and four out of the original six on Cognitive Restraint. Two items were excluded due to low item-total correlations. Higher levels of Cognitive Restraint were associated with higher BMI (r=.13, p < .05), we found no connection between Uncontrolled Eating or Emotional Eating and body weight. Our findings suggest that the abbreviated TFEQ (16 items), is a psychometrically valid measure, and can be used to evaluate the tendencies of Cognitive Restraint, Uncontrolled Eating and Emotional Eating in the population of Mexican adults with different body weights.

Turkish version of the ‘Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-51’ for obese individuals: a validity and reliability study

Objectives: Obesity is a serious public health issue. Investigating the eating behaviour of individuals plays an important role in preventing obesity. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to adapt the long and first version of the ‘Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire’ (TFEQ), a scale that examines the eating behaviour of individuals, to Turkish culture and to carry out its validity and reliability study. Design: The data were collected using data collection forms, and anthropometric measurements of the individuals were made by the researchers. The data collection form included several parameters: socio-demographic characteristics, the TFEQ scale, whose validity and reliability analysis is conducted here, and the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) which was used as a parallel form. Setting: The Obesity Clinic at Ege University in Izmir. Participants: The study group consisted of obese adult individuals (n 257). Results: It was seen that constructing the questionnaire with twenty-seven items and four sub-dimensions provides better information about Turkish obese individuals. Factor loadings ranged from 0·421 to 0·846, and item total score correlations ranged from 0·214 to 0·558. Cronbach’s α coefficient was found to be 0·639 for the whole scale. A positive, strong and statistically significant correlation was detected between TFEQ and DEBQ, which was used as a parallel form (r = 0·519, P < 0·001). Conclusion: In Turkey, the long version of the TFEQ scale was found valid and reliable for obese adult individuals. TFEQ can be used by clinicians or researchers to study the eating behaviour of obese individuals.

Examination of the Eating Behavior of the Hungarian Population Based on the TFEQ-R21 Model

Several theories have emerged to study types of eating behavior leading to obesity, but most of the applied models are mainly related to food choice decisions and food consumer behavior. The purpose of this paper was to examine the eating attitudes of Hungarian consumers by applying the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21). The national representative questionnaire involved 1000 individuals in Hungary in 2019. Several multivariate statistical techniques were applied for the data analysis: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, multivariate data reduction techniques, and cluster analysis. This study successfully managed to distinguish the following factors: emotional eating, uncontrolled eating, and cognitive restraint. By using the factors, five clusters were identified: Uncontrolled Emotional Eaters; Overweight, Uncontrolled Eaters; Controlled, Conscious Eaters; the Uninterested; and the Rejecters; all of these could be addressed by public health policy with individually tailored messages. The empirical results led to rejection of the original Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21), while the TFEQ-R16 model could be validated on a representative sample of adults, for the first time in Hungary.