EXPRESS: Practice and Transfer with Mappings of Spoon Tip and Handle to Keypress Responses

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110413
Author(s):  
Yaqi Xu ◽  
Aiping Xiong ◽  
Robert Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Prior Experience ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Practice Session ◽  
Compatible Mapping ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Practice Trials

When orientation of a horizontal spoon image varies to the left or right, instructions can map left and right keypresses to the tip or handle location. We conducted Experiment 1 to determine whether practice with an incompatible mapping of the salient tip transfers to a test session in which the relevant part and/or mapping are changed. Participants performed 80 practice trials with tip-incompatible mapping, followed by 80 test trials with tip-compatible, tip-incompatible, handle-compatible, or handle-incompatible mapping. Performance improved across 20-trial blocks in the practice session. In the test session, responses were 65-ms faster with tip-compatible than tip-incompatible mapping but 31-ms faster with handle-incompatible than handle-compatible mapping. This latter result, and verbal reports, indicate that some participants adopted a strategy of responding compatibly to the salient tip even though instructed to respond to the handle. Experiment 2 focused on whether participants with handle-incompatible mapping instructions would adopt the tip-compatible strategy spontaneously or after receiving a hint. 77% of participants reported adopting the tip-compatible strategy in session 1, showing that prior experience responding to the tip is not necessary. 9% of participants did not report using that strategy in session 1 but reported changing to it in session 2 after receiving the hint. Their responses in session 2 were slower than those who used the strategy throughout, but this difference was minimal in the last two trial blocks. Compatible mapping of the salient spoon tip to keypresses dominated performance over prior practice with incompatible tip mapping and instructions with incompatible handle mapping.

Acute Sleep Restriction Affects Sport-Specific But Not Athletic Performance in Junior Tennis Players

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jacopo A. Vitale ◽  
Matteo Bonato ◽  
Lorenzo Petrucci ◽  
Giorgio Zucca ◽  
Antonio La Torre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Junior Tennis ◽  
Left And Right

Purpose: Little is known about the effect of sleep restriction (SR) on different domains of athletes’ physical performance. Therefore, the aim of this randomized, counterbalanced, and crossover study was to evaluate the effect of acute SR on sport-specific technical and athletic performance in male junior tennis players. Methods: Tennis players (N = 12; age 15.4 ± 2.6 y) were randomly allocated to either a sleep-restriction condition (SR, n = 6), where they experienced acute sleep restriction the night before the test session (≤5 h of sleep), or to a control condition (CON, n = 6), where they followed their habitual sleep–wake routines. Testing procedures included 20 left and right serves, 15 forehand and backhand crosscourt shots, and a repeated-sprint-ability test (RSA). The accuracy of serves and shots was considered for further analysis. One week later, players of SR joined CON, and players of CON experienced SR, and all test procedures were repeated. Results: Significant decrease in the accuracy of right (−17.5%, P = .010, effect size [ES] = 1.0, moderate) and left serve (−14.1%, P = .014, ES = 1.2, large), crosscourt backhand (−23.9%, P = .003, ES ≥ 2.0, very large), and forehand shot (−15.6%, P = .014, ES = 1.1, moderate) were observed in SR compared to CON, while RSA was similar in both conditions. Conclusion: Coaches and athletes at the team and individual level should be aware that 1 night of SR affects sport-specific but not athletic performance in tennis players.

Student Thoughts during Tennis Instruction

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia M. Lee ◽  
Dennis K. Landin ◽  
Jo A. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Practice Session ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Stimulated Recall ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Recall Procedure ◽  
Practice Trials

Thirty fourth-grade students were provided two 30-min lessons on the tennis forehand ground stroke. The students and the teacher were videotaped, and, following each lesson, the students were interviewed using a stimulated-recall procedure. Frequency measures of successful practice trials were also coded for each student during each practice session. Analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between skill-related thoughts and successful performance during class. The findings support the notion that student thoughts are important mediators between instruction and student response patterns.

Effect of Prior Runway Experience on Avoidance Learning

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman D. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Better Than

Mice were given 30 practice trials or 30 arbitrary shocks in a runway at 17, 23, 40, or 55 days of age. Performance was directly related to age, with adult Ss showing the greatest improvement during the 30 trials. At 85 days of age, Ss were run to criterion in the same runway. Results indicated that (1) groups receiving prior shock or practice in the runway were significantly better than controls with no prior runway experience; (2) Ss receiving prior practice were not significantly different from Ss receiving equal amounts of shock without practice; (3) animals receiving prior experience at 23 days of age were superior to other groups on the adult avoidance learning task. Critical periods for learning and implications of a multi-factor theory to account for the effects of early experience on avoidance behavior are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of coordinate frame compatibility on the transfer of implicit and explicit learning across limbs

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 1239-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Poh ◽  
Timothy J. Carroll ◽  
Jordan A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Coordinate Frame ◽  
Explicit Learning ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Opposite Limb ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Insights into the neural representation of motor learning can be obtained by investigating how learning transfers to novel task conditions. We recently demonstrated that visuomotor rotation learning transferred strongly between left and right limbs when the task was performed in a sagittal workspace, which afforded a consistent remapping for the two limbs in both extrinsic and joint-based coordinates. In contrast, transfer was absent when performed in horizontal workspace, where the extrinsically defined perturbation required conflicting joint-based remapping for the left and right limbs. Because visuomotor learning is thought to be supported by both implicit and explicit forms of learning, however, it is unclear to what extent these distinct forms of learning contribute to interlimb transfer. In this study, we assessed the degree to which interlimb transfer, following visuomotor rotation training, reflects explicit vs. implicit learning by obtaining verbal reports of participants' aiming direction before each movement. We also determined the extent to which these distinct components of learning are constrained by the compatibility of coordinate systems by comparing transfer between groups of participants who reached to targets arranged in the horizontal and sagittal planes. Both sagittal and horizontal conditions displayed complete transfer of explicit learning to the untrained limb. In contrast, transfer of implicit learning was incomplete, but the sagittal condition showed greater transfer than the horizontal condition. These findings suggest that explicit strategies developed with one limb can be fully implemented in the opposite limb, whereas implicit transfer depends on the degree to which new sensorimotor maps are spatially compatible for the two limbs.

Effect of Concurrent Visual Feedback on Acquisition of a Weightlifting Skill

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Paul Sewall ◽  
T. Gilmour Reeve ◽  
Robert A. Day
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
College Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Power Clean

Practice in front of a mirror is a common procedure for activities such as dance, gymnastics, and other sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect that performing with concurrent visual feedback from a mirror had on the acquisition of the power clean movement. 18 college-age males who had no prior experience with the power clean movement served as subjects who were assigned to one of two groups. One group had use of a mirror during the practice trials and the other practiced without the mirror. All subjects viewed an instructional videotape and had practice trials. All subjects were evaluated for proper technique on a pretest, a posttest without the mirror, and a posttest with the mirror. Analysis showed a significant difference between pre- and posttest performances for both groups and a significant difference between groups on the posttest performances with the mirror. Evidently the videotaped instruction was sufficient to allow both groups to improve in performance of the power clean. Differences in posttest performances with the mirror reflected the type of feedback (with or without the mirror) available during training.

Intersensory Integration: A Kinesthetic Bias

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1068-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Practice Session ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Kinesthetic Information

Four groups of five subjects performed intramodal and cross-modal matching tasks. The stimuli to be matched were four positions of a moveable intercept presented either visually or kinesthetically. Performance was studied before and after a practice session during which only one matching combination was practiced and knowledge of results was given. Only groups receiving kinesthetic information during practice trials showed improvement.

scholarly journals Role of frontal cortex in inferential reasoning: Evidence from the Word Context Test

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATRINA KEIL ◽  
JULIANA BALDO ◽  
EDITH KAPLAN ◽  
JOEL KRAMER ◽  
DEAN C. DELIS
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Inferential Reasoning ◽  
Discourse Comprehension ◽  
Frontal Lobe Lesions ◽  
Word Context ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Problem: Inferential reasoning in language involves the ability to deduce information based on context and prior experience. This ability has been generally studied as a right-hemisphere function. Recent research, however, has suggested that inferencing involves anterior regions of both the left and right hemispheres. Methods: We further explored this idea by testing a group of non-aphasic, focal frontal patients (right and left hemisphere) on a new test of inferencing, the Word Context Test. The Word Context Test requires examinees to identify the meaning of a made-up word (e.g., prifa) based on its use in a series of sentences. Findings: Patients with frontal lobe lesions were significantly impaired on this task relative to a group of age- and education-matched controls. Contrary to earlier research focusing on a special role for the right hemisphere in inferencing, there was considerable overlap in performance of right- and left-frontal patients, with right-frontal patients performing better. Conclusions: These findings suggest that inferencing is disrupted following focal frontal injury and have implications for discourse comprehension in non-aphasic patients. (JINS, 2005, 11, 426–433.)

Distilled Water and Tap Water as Factors in Taste Preference Experimentation

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Schnorr ◽  
Kenneth H. Brookshire
Keyword(s):  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Reliable Preference

Albino rats were permitted to drink either distilled water or tap water from two bottles. Animals with prior experience with distilled water in the home cage showed a consistent preference for distilled water which increased over test sessions; Ss having prior experience with tap water did not show statistically reliable preference behavior. Amount of water deprivation during the test session and length of test session were not significant variables. It was concluded that previous results showing a preference for tap water reflect the operation of several variables including prior experience, but the present experiment casts doubt on interpretations, suggesting that tap water is in some general way more palatable or that tap water and distilled water may be equated when interpreting experiments on taste preference.

It's Not How Much; It's How

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Duke ◽  
Amy L. Simmons ◽  
Carla Davis Cash
Keyword(s):  
Retention Test ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Performance Quality ◽  
Practice Behaviors ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Piano Majors ◽  
Practice Time

We observed 17 graduate and advanced-undergraduate piano majors practicing a difficult, three-measure keyboard passage from a Shostakovich concerto. Participants' instructions were to practice until they were confident they could play the passage accurately at a prescribed tempo in a retention test session the following day. We analyzed the practice behaviors of each pianist in terms of numeric and nonnumeric descriptors and ranked the pianists according to the overall performance quality of their retention tests. Results indicated no significant relationship between the rankings of pianists' retention test performances and any of the following variables: practice time, number of total practice trials, and number of complete practice trials. There were significant relationships between retention test rankings and the percentage of all performance trials that were performed correctly, r = —.51, the percentage of complete performance trials that were performed correctly, r = —.71, and the number of trials performed incorrectly during practice, r = .48. The results showed that the strategies employed during practice were more determinative of performance quality at retention than was how much or how long the pianists practiced, a finding consistent with the results of related research.

The three-dimensional structure of frozen-hydrated left- and right-handed forms of bacterial flagellar filaments from an identical serotype

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 298-299
Author(s):  
S. Trachtenberg ◽  
D. J. DeRosier
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Basal Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Protein Species ◽  
Liquid Environment ◽  
Bacterial Flagellum ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Rotary Motor ◽  
Helical Parameters

The bacterial cell is propelled through the liquid environment by means of one or more rotating flagella. The bacterial flagellum is composed of a basal body (rotary motor), hook (universal coupler), and filament (propellor). The filament is a rigid helical assembly of only one protein species — flagellin. The filament can adopt different morphologies and change, reversibly, its helical parameters (pitch and hand) as a function of mechanical stress and chemical changes (pH, ionic strength) in the environment.

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