Distilled Water and Tap Water as Factors in Taste Preference Experimentation

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Schnorr ◽  
Kenneth H. Brookshire
Keyword(s):  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Reliable Preference

Albino rats were permitted to drink either distilled water or tap water from two bottles. Animals with prior experience with distilled water in the home cage showed a consistent preference for distilled water which increased over test sessions; Ss having prior experience with tap water did not show statistically reliable preference behavior. Amount of water deprivation during the test session and length of test session were not significant variables. It was concluded that previous results showing a preference for tap water reflect the operation of several variables including prior experience, but the present experiment casts doubt on interpretations, suggesting that tap water is in some general way more palatable or that tap water and distilled water may be equated when interpreting experiments on taste preference.

Ajwa Date Fruit Extract Ameliorates the Effects of Alcohol on Weight of Liver in Male Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1810-1812
Author(s):  
Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Rifat Shamim ◽  
Nighat Ara ◽  
Fauzia Siraj ◽  
Attya Zaheer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Date Fruit ◽  
Group B

Background: Liver injuries induced by different toxic substances have been recognized as one of the great toxicological problem for years. However, there are a lot of herbal medicines existing to compensate these disorders.Alcohols are one of the most important organic compounds in different areas of our daily lives. The health benefits of Ajwa Date Fruit Extract are well documented in literature. Objective: To determine the effect of alcohol on weight of liver and possible protective role of Ajwa date fruit extract (ADFE) in adult male albino rats. Study Design:Experimental Study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore from 1st October 2018 to 31st March 2019. Methodology: Twenty four adult male albino rats were used in this research and divided into the 4 groups A, B, C and D having 6 rats in each group. Group A was designated as control group;group B received ethanol 3g/kg/day of 40% v/v prepared in distilled water; group C received ethanol and ADFE1g/kg/day and group D received ethanol and ADFE 2g/kg/day by oral gavage once daily for 28 days.The 100% pure alcohol was dissolved in distilled water for preparation of 40% alcohol. Dates palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits washed with tap water and removed the seeds. The extract of the date fruits made by adding distilled water to date fruit (3:1) and leaving for 48 hours in refrigerator (4°C). Results: The increase in mean weight of liver in group B on 29th day of experiment were statistically significant (p=0.001) in comparison with the control. The mean weight of liver was decreased significantly after 28 days of experiment in experimental groups C and D. Conclusions: Alcohol administration in the male albino rats significantly increase their weight of liver which was improved by the use of ADFE. Key words: Alcohol, Ajwa date fruit extract, Rats

Distilled Water and Tap Water as Factors in Taste Preference of the Rat

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Thomas Young
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Distilled Water

Schnorr and Brookshire demonstrated that naive rats reared from weaning on distilled water prefer distilled water to tap water; Ss reared on tap water also prefer distilled water, which result approaches statistical significance. This preference for distilled water is directly opposed to findings of Young and Falk who demonstrated a preference for tap water. The present paper is an analysis and interpretation of these experiments along with data from two further studies of taste preference.

The Impact of L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 as Protection Against Busulfan-Oxidative Stress in the Liver of Adult Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-586
Author(s):  
Areeg M. Abdelrazek ◽  
Shimaa A. Haredy
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Coenzyme Q10 ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Stress Damage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Liver Tissues

Background: Busulfan (Bu) is an anticancer drug with a variety of adverse effects for cancer patients. Oxidative stress has been considered as a common pathological mechanism and it has a key role in the initiation and progression of liver injury by Bu. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant impact of L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 and their protective role against oxidative stress damage in liver tissues. Methods and Material: Thirty-six albino rats were divided equally into six groups. G1 (con), received I.P. injection of DMSO plus 1 ml of distilled water daily by oral gavages; G2 (Bu), received I.P. injection of Bu plus 1 ml of the distilled water daily; G3 (L-Car), received 1 ml of L-Car orally; G4 (Bu + L-Car) received I.P. injection of Bu plus 1 ml of L-Car, G5 (CoQ10) 1 ml of CoQ10 daily; and G6 (Bu + CoQ10) received I.P. injection of Bu plus 1 ml of CoQ10 daily. Results: The recent data showed that Bu induced significant (P<0.05) elevation in serum ALT, AST, liver GSSG, NO, MDA and 8-OHDG, while showing significant (P<0.05) decrease in liver GSH and ATP. On the other hand, L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 ameliorated the negative effects prompted by Bu. Immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 in liver tissues reported pathological alterations in Bu group while also showed significant recovery in L-Car more than CoQ10. Conclusion: L-Car, as well as CoQ10, can enhance the hepatotoxic effects of Bu by promoting energy production in oxidative phosphorylation process and by scavenging the free radicals.

scholarly journals Sucralose induced pancreatic toxicity in albino rats: Histomorphological evidence

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (02) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gupta ◽  
S. Kalra ◽  
V. Bharihoke ◽  
D. Dhurandhar
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Artificial Sweetener ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Pancreatic Toxicity ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
And Control

AbstractIn the present world people have become conscious of the fact that sugar is one of the commonest culprits for gain in weight and blood sugar in diabetes. One of the artificial sweetener, sucralose is widely used by diabetics is still under strict scrutiny because of the contradictory feedbacks obtained from various studies, often discouraging its use. Therefore, there arises a need to check whether the use of sucralose is safe or not. The present study was designed to determine to evaluate and compare the histological changes of sucralose on the islets of pancreas in albino rats. Methods: The adult Wistar albino rats were given sucralose orally by gavage in the dose of 3gms/kg body weight/day dissolved in distilled water and only distilled water for 30 days to experimental and control groups respectively. The animals were weighed prior to and after the experiment. The animals were sacrificed on day 31. The pancreas was dissected and observed grossly. Tissue was processed; paraffin blocks were prepared and 8 micron thick sections were cut. Sections were stained with Haemotoxylin and Eosin and Gomori's stains. Results: Pancreatic toxicity was observed in the form of vaculation of islets, lymphocytic infilterate, degeneration of islets and acini of Pancreas. The commonly used non-lethal dose of sucralose induced damage to Pancreas is startling. Conclusion: The results obtained have wide implications for nutrient sensing and nutrition in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.

Influence of Learning on Taste Preferences

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Thomas Young
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Taste Preferences ◽  
Distilled Water

Further discussion of the Schnorr and Brookshire study of the preference between distilled water and tap water, with comments and suggestions.

Post-Irradiation Saccharin Avoidance with Non-Coincident Stimuli

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. McLaurin ◽  
John A. Farley ◽  
Barron B. Scarborough ◽  
Travis D. Rawlings
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Saccharin Solution ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
Backward Conditioning ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Per Se

Two separate studies were made to determine the degree of post-irradiation saccharin avoidance behavior displayed by rats given tap water or no fluid to drink prior to low-level x-irradiation exposure. In neither study were significant differences, in post-treatment saccharin avoidance behavior, found between the groups receiving saccharin solution, tap water or no fluid to drink prior to radiation exposure. It was concluded that the results could be viewed as additional evidence for the hypothesis of an association of a disturbed physiological state and the discriminatory saccharin solution in the home cage and not an association of x-irradiation with saccharin solution per se. Doubt was expressed that the results could be taken as evidence for successful backward conditioning.

EXPRESS: Practice and Transfer with Mappings of Spoon Tip and Handle to Keypress Responses

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110413
Author(s):  
Yaqi Xu ◽  
Aiping Xiong ◽  
Robert Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Prior Experience ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Practice Session ◽  
Compatible Mapping ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Practice Trials

When orientation of a horizontal spoon image varies to the left or right, instructions can map left and right keypresses to the tip or handle location. We conducted Experiment 1 to determine whether practice with an incompatible mapping of the salient tip transfers to a test session in which the relevant part and/or mapping are changed. Participants performed 80 practice trials with tip-incompatible mapping, followed by 80 test trials with tip-compatible, tip-incompatible, handle-compatible, or handle-incompatible mapping. Performance improved across 20-trial blocks in the practice session. In the test session, responses were 65-ms faster with tip-compatible than tip-incompatible mapping but 31-ms faster with handle-incompatible than handle-compatible mapping. This latter result, and verbal reports, indicate that some participants adopted a strategy of responding compatibly to the salient tip even though instructed to respond to the handle. Experiment 2 focused on whether participants with handle-incompatible mapping instructions would adopt the tip-compatible strategy spontaneously or after receiving a hint. 77% of participants reported adopting the tip-compatible strategy in session 1, showing that prior experience responding to the tip is not necessary. 9% of participants did not report using that strategy in session 1 but reported changing to it in session 2 after receiving the hint. Their responses in session 2 were slower than those who used the strategy throughout, but this difference was minimal in the last two trial blocks. Compatible mapping of the salient spoon tip to keypresses dominated performance over prior practice with incompatible tip mapping and instructions with incompatible handle mapping.

Aphagia and adipsia after kainic acid lesioning of the dorsomedial hypothalamic area

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (3) ◽  
pp. R389-R399 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Bellinger ◽  
F. E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Kainic Acid ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Hypothalamic Syndrome

Unlike rats which have electrolytic dorsomedial hypothalamic area lesions and are hypophagic and hypodipsic, the rats of the present study with dorsomedial hypothalamic area, kainic acid lesions (KAL) were postoperatively aphagic and adipsic. Subsequently, KAL rats rejected chow or a high-fat diet but ate a 30% sucrose-chow diet. Similarly the KAL rats were adipsic but drank a 30% sucrose solution. Slowly most of the KAL rats began to eat chow and drink tap water but remained hypophagic and hypodipsic. When tested for glucoprivic-induced feeding using 2-deoxy-D-glucose (200 or 400 mg/kg) the KAL rats, in contrast to the sham-operated controls, did not increase their food intake. During water deprivation the recovered KAL rats that would drink tap water ate, and following it they responded with an adequate increase in water consumption. During food deprivation the KAL rats, whether eating chow or sucrose-chow diet, drank, and subsequently the normally hypophagic rats actually ate more than the controls. Although the growth rate (linear and ponderal) of KAL rats was reduced compared with that of the controls, their body composition by indirect measurement was normal. The present data indicate that most of the dorsomedial hypothalamic syndrome results from damage to DMHA neurons and not to fibers of passage.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Lime-Softening Sludge Used as Landfill Liners

2019 ◽  
Vol 230 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Dąbska
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Landfill Liners ◽  
Water Permeation ◽  
Lime Softening ◽  
Approximate Polynomial ◽  
Hazardous Waste Landfills

AbstractThe research goal was to investigate the hydraulic conductivity of compacted lime-softening sludge as a material to be applied to landfill liners. In doing so, the effect of compaction and moulding moisture content on the sludge hydraulic conductivity was assessed. An approximate polynomial k10mean at hydraulic gradients ≥30 for degree of compaction (0.95–1.05) and moulding moisture content (28%–36%) was determined. The results of short-term tap water permeation tests revealed that all hydraulic conductivity values were less than 2.5•10–8 m/s. A lowest hydraulic conductivity of 6.5•10–9 m/s, as well as a corresponding moisture content of 31% were then established. The long-term hydraulic conductivity was measured with tap water, distilled water, NaOH and HCl solutions and municipal waste leachate. The factors of permeating liquids and permeation time significantly affected the initial hydraulic conductivity. The long-term hydraulic conductivity increased for NaOH and HCl solutions and decreased for tap and distilled water. A significant reduction of hydraulic conductivity was observed for leachate permeation. The investigated material met the requirements for the liner systems of inert landfill sites regardless of pH and the limit value for hazardous and non-hazardous waste landfills.

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