scholarly journals Reducing female admissions to custody: Exploring the options at sentencing

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 546-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian V Roberts ◽  
Gabrielle Watson
Keyword(s):  
Prison Population ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Judicial Discretion ◽  
Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Women In Prison ◽  
Policy Priority ◽  
Women's Imprisonment ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Insight Into

Although women represent a small minority of the prison population in all nations, it has long been a concern that custody is overused with respect to female offenders. Reducing the number of women in prison has therefore emerged as a policy priority in many western nations, including the United Kingdom. This article evaluates a range of sentencing strategies to reduce the number of women in prison, on the grounds that their experience of the sanction is disproportionately severe. The challenge is to achieve a reduction in women’s imprisonment without compromising the fundamental sentencing principles of equity and proportionality. Although no jurisdiction has launched a sentencing initiative with this specific aim, the international sentencing literature offers insight into the most effective methods by which reductions may be achieved. Informed by the principle of equal impact, which underpins gender-specific sentencing, we explore policy options in two principal domains: (1) statutory provisions to eliminate or restrict judicial discretion to imprison female offenders; and (2) sentencing guidelines to structure judicial discretion in gender-sensitive ways. We conclude by considering the likelihood of implementing the options.

All the Women in the Maryland State Penitentiary: 1812-1869

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
VERNETTA D. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Slave Women ◽  
Total Female ◽  
Women In Prison

This article examines the role of race in the patterns of incarceration of women in the state of Maryland during three critical periods: pre-Civil War, Civil War, and post-Civil War. Maryland, a border state, was wedged geographically and politically between the forces of slavery and abolition. In addition to race, the author identifies female offenders by examining place of birth, age, and occupation. The author supports the view that “plantation justice” was inapplicable to Blacks in Maryland. The author also suggests that the historical neglect of women in prison can be attributed to the small contribution of “native” White women to the total female prison population. Racial differences in why female offenders were incarcerated and how long they were sentenced are addressed. These differences are examined across the three time periods, noting the focus on controlling Blacks (free and slave), women, and immigrants.

scholarly journals Strategies for the assessment of competences during rheumatology training across Europe: results of a qualitative study

RMD Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. e001183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Najm ◽  
Alessia Alunno ◽  
Francisca Sivera ◽  
Sofia Ramiro ◽  
Catherine Haines
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Online Discussion ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Formative Feedback ◽  
Competence Assessment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Online Focus Groups ◽  
Assessment Systems ◽  
Insight Into

ObjectivesTo gain insight into current methods and practices for the assessment of competences during rheumatology training, and to explore the underlying priorities and rationales for competence assessment.MethodsWe used a qualitative approach through online focus groups (FGs) of rheumatology trainers and trainees, separately. The study included five countries—Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain and the United Kingdom. A summary of current practices of assessment of competences was developed, modified and validated by the FGs based on an independent response to a questionnaire. A prioritising method (9 Diamond technique) was then used to identify and justify key assessment priorities.ResultsOverall, 26 participants (12 trainers, 14 trainees) participated in nine online FGs (2 per country, Slovenia 1 joint), totalling 12 hours of online discussion. Strong nationally (the Netherlands, UK) or institutionally (Spain, Slovenia, Denmark) standardised approaches were described. Most groups identified providing frequent formative feedback to trainees for developmental purposes as the highest priority. Most discussions identified a need for improvement, particularly in developing streamlined approaches to portfolios that remain close to clinical practice, protecting time for quality observation and feedback, and adopting systematic approaches to incorporating teamwork and professionalism into assessment systems.ConclusionThis paper presents a clearer picture of the current practice on the assessment of competences in rheumatology in five European countries and the underlying rationale of trainers’ and trainees’ priorities. This work will inform EULAR Points-to-Consider for the assessment of competences in rheumatology training across Europe.

Wounded Because of Religion: Identifying the Components of Gender-Specific Religious Persecution of Christians

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-141
Author(s):  
Helene Fisher ◽  
Elizabeth Lane Miller ◽  
Christof Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Central African Republic ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Christian Women ◽  
Religious Persecution ◽  
The World ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
The Church ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Emerging understanding of gender-specific religious persecution in some of the world’s most difficult countries for Christians offers timely insight into complex dynamics in which the church and missions have too often been unwittingly complicit due to limited visibility of the components contributing to these wounds. Fresh research into these deeply wounding global phenomena stands as both a warning and a pointer towards an avenue for effective ministrations by churches and Christian ministries that are working in the most severely affected areas of the world. Drawing on the latest trends identified by World Watch Research, outcomes of the Consultation for Christian Women under Pressure for their Faith, a contemporary case study from Central African Republic, and a biblical narrative, we will explore practical opportunities for a holistic approach to bring preparedness, healing, and restoration for communities under severe pressure for their Christian faith.

scholarly journals Coping mechanisms adopted by women ex-offenders in Nyeri County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Anthony T. Kiptoo ◽  
John Mbai Muthee
Keyword(s):  
Female Offenders ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Reentry Programs ◽  
Correctional Setting ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Gender Specific

Female offenders are distinctly different from male offenders, and present with their own gender-specific needs and issues both in and out of the correctional setting. Most approaches to Coping Mechanisms for female offenders are currently based on research involving males and approaches designed for males. Inquiry regarding the gender-specific needs of female inmates as they pertain to treatment, reentry programs, and Coping Mechanisms is necessary so professionals can better understand how to serve this population. This study investigated the Coping Mechanisms Adopted by Women ex-offenders in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study specifically investigated the effects of not addressing the challenges identified for women returning from prison in Nyeri County especially challenges connected to housing, employment, relationships, drug, and substance abuse as well as mental health after incarceration. This was a qualitative study adopting a phenomenological design. The site and respondents were purposively selected with snowballing being used to select the respondents to the point of saturation. This study made use of 41 women ex-convicts, 3 FGDs, and 9 key informants. Data were collected by the use of semi-structured interview schedules. Results indicated that currently, prison is negatively viewed by the community; this is primarily because of the isolation of prisoners and whatever happens behind the bars. The government should involve other sectors such as the churches, the media, schools, and Non- Governmental Organizations in educating the masses in order to ease the re-entry of ex-convicts

Open-Source Personality Trait Norms for the United Kingdom and Ireland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conal Twomey ◽  
John A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Personality Measurement ◽  
Personality Inventories ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Many ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract. Most copyrighted personality inventories facilitate norm-referencing through illustrative tables, yet their application to the many fields relevant to personality measurement is constrained by the need for stakeholders to possess the requisite financial resources to access them. Using an IPIP-NEO-300 dataset from Johnson’s IPIP-NEO data repository, we created open-source norm tables for different age groups (14–17 years; 18–25 years; and 30+ years) within a combined standardization sample from the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland ( N = 18,591). The newly created tables are freely available online ( https://osf.io/tbmh5 ), and there is no need to ask for permission to modify them. We provide general instructions that can be used to create open-source personality trait norms for other countries, settings, and age groups, as well as gender-specific norms. There is great potential for these norms to be used in various settings and their open-source freedoms may encourage future collaborations and investigations.

United Kingdom/Norway

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Richard Barnes
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Framework Agreement ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract On 30 September 2020, the United Kingdom and Norway signed the Framework Agreement on Fisheries that will provide the basis for future cooperation in the sustainable management of their fisheries. The Agreement is the first such agreement adopted by the UK following its decision to the leave the European Union. This note provides some background to the Agreement and examines its key features. Whilst the content of the Agreement appears to be rather basic, this is broadly consistent with other framework agreements, and it does provide some insight into the direction and focus of fisheries management in the North Sea, and how cooperation may develop between coastal States and the European Union.

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