Severe tachypnoea and dyspnoea due to physiological hyperventilation in pregnancy

Physiological hyperventilation and dyspnoea in pregnancy are well-established phenomena and commonly lead to a chronic respiratory alkalosis with compensatory renal excretion of bicarbonate. However, the underlying mechanism of dyspnoea during normal pregnancy remains largely undefined. Increasing progesterone levels are a primary factor leading to increased respiratory drive to ensure the rising metabolic demands of the pregnancy are met. Dyspnoea symptoms typically begin in the first or second trimester, are mild, and do not interfere with activities of daily living. We report the case of a 35-year-old female with severe physiological hyperventilation of pregnancy presenting with profound dyspnoea, tachypnoea, and presyncope from 18 weeks of gestation until delivery. Subsequent investigations revealed no identifiable underlying pathology. There remain limited reports of such severe physiological hyperventilation of pregnancy. This case highlights interesting questions regarding the respiratory physiology of pregnancy and underlying mechanisms.

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Serum uric acid levels in normal pregnancy with observations on the renal excretion of urate in pregnancy

Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1136/jcp.19.5.501 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 501-503 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

J. A. Boyle ◽

S. Campbell ◽

A. M. Duncan ◽

W. R. Greig ◽

W. W. Buchanan

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Serum Uric Acid ◽

Renal Excretion ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

In Pregnancy

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Contrasting underlying mechanisms of different barrier coating types

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj17.01.31 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (01) ◽

pp. 31-37

Author(s):

Bryan McCulloch ◽

John Roper ◽

Kaitlin Rosen

Keyword(s):

Food Packaging ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Mechanical Degradation ◽

Design Rules ◽

Barrier Coatings ◽

Barrier Materials ◽

Barrier Coating ◽

Coating Type ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Barrier coatings are used in applications including food packaging, dry goods, and consumer products to prevent transport of different compounds either through or into paper and paperboard substrates. These coatings are useful in packaging to contain active ingredients, such as fragrances, or to protect contents from detrimental substances, such as oxygen, water, grease, or other chemicals of concern. They also are used to prevent visual changes or mechanical degradation that might occur if the paper becomes saturated. The performance and underlying mechanism depends on the barrier coating type and, in particular, on whether the barrier coating is designed to prevent diffusive or capillary transport. Estimates on the basis of fundamental transport phenomena and data from a broad screening of different barrier materials can be used to understand the limits of various approaches to construct barrier coatings. These estimates also can be used to create basic design rules for general classes of barrier coatings.

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Maternal Neutrophil Depletion Fails to Avert Systemic Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Early Pregnancy Defects in Mice

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22157932 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 7932

Author(s):

Sourav Panja ◽

John T. Benjamin ◽

Bibhash C. Paria

Keyword(s):

Early Pregnancy ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Interesting Approach ◽

Blastocyst Implantation ◽

Neutrophil Depletion ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Myd88 Signaling ◽

Induced Defects ◽

Dose Dependent

Maternal infection-induced early pregnancy complications arise from perturbation of the immune environment at the uterine early blastocyst implantation site (EBIS), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated in a mouse model that the progression of normal pregnancy from days 4 to 6 induced steady migration of leukocytes away from the uterine decidual stromal zone (DSZ) that surrounds the implanted blastocyst. Uterine macrophages were found to be CD206+ M2-polarized. While monocytes were nearly absent in the DSZ, DSZ cells were found to express monocyte marker protein Ly6C. Systemic endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on day 5 of pregnancy led to: (1) rapid (at 2 h) induction of neutrophil chemoattractants that promoted huge neutrophil infiltrations at the EBISs by 24 h; (2) rapid (at 2 h) elevation of mRNA levels of MyD88, but not Trif, modulated cytokines at the EBISs; and (3) dose-dependent EBIS defects by day 7 of pregnancy. Yet, elimination of maternal neutrophils using anti-Ly6G antibody prior to LPS exposure failed to avert LPS-induced EBIS defects allowing us to suggest that activation of Tlr4-MyD88 dependent inflammatory pathway is involved in LPS-induced defects at EBISs. Thus, blocking the activation of the Tlr4-MyD88 signaling pathway may be an interesting approach to prevent infection-induced pathology at EBISs.

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Iron and folic acid tablets in pregnancy

Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin ◽

10.1136/dtb.2.4.13 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 13-14

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Megaloblastic Anaemia ◽

Combined Administration ◽

Mild Deficiency ◽

Iron And Folic Acid ◽

In Pregnancy

Mild deficiency of folic acid is common in the later months of normal pregnancy, due apparently to increased demand and in some cases to impaired absorption1. Megaloblastic anaemia from this cause is not rare, but more frequently a lesser degree of deficiency complicates lack of iron, and in such cases the anaemia responds only to the combined administration of both substances. Deficiency of folic acid has been found in patients with accidental haemorrhage and may be found in anaemia in the puerperium.

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Fibrin monomer complex in normal pregnant women: a potential thrombotic marker in pregnancy

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1258/000456307781646076 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 449-454 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Hiroaki Onishi ◽

Kimiko Kaniyu ◽

Mitsutoshi Iwashita ◽

Asashi Tanaka ◽

Takashi Watanabe

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Fibrin Monomer ◽

Potential Marker ◽

Deep Vein ◽

Positive Results ◽

In Pregnancy

Background: Pregnancy represents a major risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Most coagulation/fibrinolysis markers currently utilized change during pregnancy, and therefore they cannot accurately evaluate thrombotic events in pregnancy because the rate of false positive results is high. Fibrin monomer complex (FMC) has recently become widely available for diagnosing DVT. The present study examined whether FMC is suitable for evaluating thrombotic status in pregnancy. Methods: Concentrations of FMC and other haemostatic markers were investigated in 87 pregnant women without major complications at early, mid- or late pregnancy. FMC concentrations were also measured in 127 normal non-pregnant women, and in one woman who developed DVT after delivery. Results: In normal pregnant women, FMC concentrations were unchanged during early or mid-pregnancy and slightly elevated during late pregnancy. Concentrations were within reference range in most cases, and none exceeded the cut-off value for DVT. In contrast, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) and D-dimer (DD) concentrations were significantly elevated in late pregnancy, and median values exceeded reference ranges. The DVT case displayed significantly elevated FMC concentrations. Conclusions: Changes in FMC concentrations during normal pregnancy are minimal compared with other haemostatic markers. Because the rate of false positivity is lower, FMC could be a potential marker of thrombotic status in pregnancy rather than TAT and DD.

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Renal disease in pregnancy

Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review ◽

10.1017/s0965539500000164 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 177-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Priscilla Kincaid-Smith ◽

Kenneth Fairley

Keyword(s):

Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽

Filtration Rate ◽

Renal Plasma Flow ◽

First Trimester ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Intimate Relationship ◽

Physiological Changes ◽

Anatomical Changes ◽

The Right ◽

In Pregnancy

There is an intimate relationship between the kidney and pregnancy. Renal plasma flow increases by 50–70% during a normal pregnancy and the glomerular filtration rate by about 50%.1These changes commence in the first trimester and fall in the last trimester reaching normal levels within about four weeks postpartum. These physiological changes are accompanied by striking anatomical changes which consist of dilatation of the ureter, pelvis and calyces, together with an increase in renal parenchymal size. The dilatation i s more marked on the right and may appear in the first trimester. At term, 90% of pregnant women show this change.2

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Endocrine and metabolic adaptations to pregnancy; impact of obesity

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1515/hmbci-2015-0042 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sylvie Hauguel-de Mouzon ◽

Luciana Lassance

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Disease ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Metabolic Homeostasis ◽

Insulin Production ◽

Successful Pregnancy ◽

Healthy Pregnancy ◽

Metabolic Adaptations ◽

In Pregnancy

AbstractAdaptations of maternal endocrine and metabolic homeostasis are central to successful pregnancy. They insure that an adequate and continuous supply of metabolic fuels is available for the growing fetus. Healthy pregnancy is classically described as a mild diabetogenic state with significant adjustments in both insulin production and sensitivity. The placenta contributes to the endocrine adaptations to pregnancy through the synthesis of various hormones which may impact insulin action. Obesity has the highest prevalence among metabolic disease in pregnancy. This article summarizes the literature addressing the endocrine and metabolic adaptations implemented during normal pregnancy. Mechanisms of regulation are further examined in the context of maternal obesity.

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An Evidence for a Novel Antiviral Mechanism of Teleost Fish: Serum-Derived Exosomes Inhibit Virus Replication Through Incorporating Mx1 Protein

10.20944/preprints202107.0160.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Changjun Guo ◽

Jian He ◽

Zhi-Min Li ◽

Yuanyuan Wang ◽

Chen nan nan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Progression ◽

Teleost Fish ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Antiviral Effect ◽

Mandarin Fish ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Antiviral Mechanism ◽

Fish Serum

Exosomes are associated with cancer progression, pregnancy, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system–related diseases, immune responses and viral pathogenicity. However, study on the role of exosomes in the immune response of teleost fish, especially antiviral immunity, is limited. Herein, serum-derived exosomes from mandarin fish were used to investigate antiviral effect for the exosomes of teleost fish. Exosomes were isolated from mandarin fish serum by ultracentrifugation could internalize into Mandarin fish fry (MFF-1) cells and inhibited Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection. To further investigated the underlying mechanisms of exosomes in inhibiting ISKNV infection. The protein composition of serum-derived exosomes was by analysis mass spectrometry and found that myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) was incorporated in the exosomes. Furthermore, the scMx1 protein was proved transferred to the recipient cells though the exosomes. Our results found that the serum-derived exosomes from mandarin fish could inhibit ISKNV replication and suggested an underlying mechanism of the serum-derived exosomes antivirus is that serum-derived exosomes incorporation of the Mx1 protein into exosomes and delivery into recipient cells. This study provided an evidence for the important antiviral role of exosomes in the immune system of teleost fish.

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Hyperlipidemia in pregnancy

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/oh.2011.29108 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 152 (19) ◽

pp. 753-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tatjána Ábel ◽

Anna Blázovics ◽

Márta Kemény ◽

Gabriella Lengyel

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Acute Pancreatitis ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Large Cohort ◽

Physiological Changes ◽

Teratogenic Effects ◽

In Pregnancy

Physiological changes in lipoprotein levels occur in normal pregnancy. Women with hyperlipoproteinemia are advised to discontinue statins, fibrates already when they consider pregnancy up to and including breast-feeding the newborn, because of the fear for teratogenic effects. Hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy can rarely lead to acute pancreatitis. Management of acute pancreatitis in pregnant women is similar to that used in non-pregnant patients. Further large cohort studies are needed to estimate the consequence of supraphysiologic hyperlipoproteinemia or extreme hyperlipoproteinemia in pregnancy on the risk for cardiovascular disease later in life. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 753–757.

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