Affective Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Dalgleish ◽  
Barnaby D. Dunn ◽  
Dean Mobbs
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

The discipline of affective neuroscience is concerned with the underlying neural substrates of emotion and mood. This review presents an historical overview of the pioneering work in affective neuroscience of James and Lange, Cannon and Bard, and Hess, Papez, and MacLean before summarizing the current state of research on the brain regions identified by these seminal researchers. We also discuss the more recent strides made in the field of affective neuroscience. A final section considers different hypothetical organizations of affective neuroanatomy and highlights future directions for the discipline.

scholarly journals Functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-343 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
The Brain

The integration of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with cognitive and affective neuroscience paradigms enables examination of the brain systems underlying the behavioral deficits manifested in schizophrenia; there have been a remarkable increase in the number of studies that apply fMRI in neurobiological studies of this disease. This article summarizes features of fMRI methodology and highlights its application in neurobehavioral studies in schizophrenia. Such work has helped elucidate potential neural substrates of deficits in cognition and affect by providing measures of activation to neurobehavioral probes and connectivity among brain regions. Studies have demonstrated abnormalities at early stages of sensory processing that may influence downstream abnormalities in more complex evaluative processing. The methodology can help bridge integration with neuropharmacologic and genomic investigations.

scholarly journals Olfaction and Aging: A Review of the Current State of Research and Future Directions

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 204166952110203
Author(s):  
Jonas K. Olofsson ◽  
Ingrid Ekström ◽  
Maria Larsson ◽  
Steven Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Warning Signs ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
To Come ◽  
Health Cognition ◽  
Olfactory Abilities ◽  
And Training

Olfaction, the sense of smell, is characterized by a notable age-dependency such that aging individuals are more likely to have poor olfactory abilities. These impairments are considered to be mostly irreversible and as having potentially profound effects on quality of life and food behavior, as well as constituting warning signs of mortality, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. Here, we review the current state of research on aging and olfaction, focusing on five topics which we regard to be of particular relevance for the field: nutrition and health, cognition and dementia, mortality, environment and genetics, and training-based enhancement. Under each of these headlines, we provide a state-of-the-art overview and discuss gaps in our knowledge which might be filled by further research. Understanding how olfactory abilities are diminished in aging, and how they may be alleviated or recovered, involves a set of challenging tasks for researchers in the years to come.

Executive Functions in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2017 ◽  
pp. 67-90
Author(s):  
Yael Dai ◽  
Inge-Marie Eigsti
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Adolescents With Autism ◽  
Memory Flexibility ◽  
The Brain

This chapter reviews strengths and weaknesses in executive function (EF) domains, including inhibition, working memory, flexibility, fluency, and planning, in adolescents (age 13–19) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Given the dramatic developmental changes in the brain regions that support EF during the period of adolescence, it is critical to evaluate which EF abilities show a distinct profile during this period. As this chapter will demonstrate, youth with ASD show deficits across all domains of EF, particularly in complex tasks that include arbitrary instructions. We describe the fundamental measures for assessing skills in each domain and discuss limitations and future directions for research, as well as clinical implications of these findings for working with youth with ASD.

scholarly journals Strategic Cognitive Sequencing: A Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth A. Herd ◽  
Kai A. Krueger ◽  
Trenton E. Kriete ◽  
Tsung-Ren Huang ◽  
Thomas E. Hazy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Error Learning ◽  
Cognitive Actions ◽  
Self Instruction ◽  
The Brain

We address strategic cognitive sequencing, the “outer loop” of human cognition: how the brain decides what cognitive process to apply at a given moment to solve complex, multistep cognitive tasks. We argue that this topic has been neglected relative to its importance for systematic reasons but that recent work on how individual brain systems accomplish their computations has set the stage for productively addressing how brain regions coordinate over time to accomplish our most impressive thinking. We present four preliminary neural network models. The first addresses how the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia (BG) cooperate to perform trial-and-error learning of short sequences; the next, how several areas of PFC learn to make predictions of likely reward, and how this contributes to the BG making decisions at the level of strategies. The third models address how PFC, BG, parietal cortex, and hippocampus can work together to memorize sequences of cognitive actions from instruction (or “self-instruction”). The last shows how a constraint satisfaction process can find useful plans. The PFC maintains current and goal states and associates from both of these to find a “bridging” state, an abstract plan. We discuss how these processes could work together to produce strategic cognitive sequencing and discuss future directions in this area.

scholarly journals Neural Substrates of Social Status Inference: Roles of Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Superior Temporal Sulcus

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malia Mason ◽  
Joe C. Magee ◽  
Susan T. Fiske
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Social Interdependence ◽  
Medial Pfc ◽  
State Inference ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Track Status

The negotiation of social order is intimately connected to the capacity to infer and track status relationships. Despite the foundational role of status in social cognition, we know little about how the brain constructs status from social interactions that display it. Although emerging cognitive neuroscience reveals that status judgments depend on the intraparietal sulcus, a brain region that supports the comparison of targets along a quantitative continuum, we present evidence that status judgments do not necessarily reduce to ranking targets along a quantitative continuum. The process of judging status also fits a social interdependence analysis. Consistent with third-party perceivers judging status by inferring whose goals are dictating the terms of the interaction and who is subordinating their desires to whom, status judgments were associated with increased recruitment of medial pFC and STS, brain regions implicated in mental state inference.

scholarly journals The Pope’s Jesus book and the Christologies of the gospels

2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim J.C. Weren
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Historical Jesus ◽  
Redaction Criticism ◽  
Benedict Xvi ◽  
Current State ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Literary Figure ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Further Development

This article maps out recent developments in the exegetical investigation of Jesus. It starts with a discussion of the Jesus book by Joseph Ratzinger/Benedict XVI, in which ‘canonical exegesis’ is used to argue that Johannine Christology is also present in the other gospels and that this Christology actually goes back to Jesus. In this way, the book narrows the gap between the historical Jesus and the Christ of faith. The next section argues for maintaining the multiplicity of images of Jesus as a literary figure that is the fruit of relatively recent approaches: redaction criticism, narrative-semantic analysis and intertextuality. The final section contains a sketch of the current state of research on the historical Jesus and its relevance for Christology. The multiplicity in the literary and historical approaches poses challenges to the further development of Christology.

scholarly journals Regional Brain Blood Flow, Blood Volume, and Haematocrit Values in the Adult Rat

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill E. Cremer ◽  
Malcolm P. Seville
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Systemic Artery ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Measurements of red cell volume, plasma volume, and tissue haematocrit (Hct) were made in 14 brain regions in adult rats using 51Cr-tagged red cells and 125I-labeled human serum albumin. The mean large vessel (systemic artery) Hct was 41.8, total body Hct was 35.3, and of the brain regions, the lowest value (septal nucleus) was 25.91 and the highest (visual cortex) was 32.05. The lowest blood volume was 6.29 μl g−1 (caudate putamen) and the highest was 14.44 μl g−1 (inferior colliculus). There was a significant difference between regions in both blood volume and tissue blood Hct. When brain regions were ranked in order of blood volume, this did not coincide with the order for blood flow.

Neuroimaging of Emotion Dysregulation

2018 ◽  
pp. 181-201
Author(s):  
Joseph C. Leshin ◽  
Kristen A. Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Clinical Fmri ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Experienced Emotion ◽  
The Brain

Affective neuroscience, the study of neural mechanisms that give rise to emotional experiences in humans and animals, has a short but rich history. Almost three decades old, affective neuroscience has predominantly taken two theoretical approaches to understanding the brain bases of human emotions, and thus, two stances on the brain bases of emotion dysregulation. One approach, the traditional approach, argues that specific emotions are hardwired in human biology with specific neural underpinnings or signatures for said emotions. The second approach, a psychological constructionist approach, argues that each experienced emotion emerges not from a specific, dedicated anatomical circuit, but from an interplay of broad networks in the brain that are involved in general operations of the mind. This chapter provides an overview of these two theoretical approaches with a specific focus on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings. It concludes with evidence suggesting how emotion dysregulation may arise and links this work to clinical fMRI investigations of anxiety disorders. It closes by suggesting future directions affective neuroscience may take to better understand processes underlying dysregulated emotions.

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