Latin America: The East Wing of the New Silk Road

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-62
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Valderrey ◽  
Miguel A. Montoya ◽  
Adriana Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Current Status ◽  
East Wind ◽  
History Of ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

As the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), or the New Silk Road, as commonly known in Western countries, continues to grow in size and scope, some questions remain unanswered. Most skepticism arises about the primary purpose of the project, the contribution of members countries to the overall initiative, or the involvement of those territories that are neither touched by the land or the maritime side of the project. Latin America, for example, has significant interaction with China, but few countries may soon join the project. After taking a glance on the history of the Silk Road and the new project, we look at the current status of the BRI, and one of the main issues of concern which is the lack of homogenous contribution to the initiative. For that matter, we propose a much-needed adjustment to the BRI, using a new tool for evaluating the participation of member countries. Comparisons take into account the five collaboration variables established as the building blocks of the BRI: policy coordination, facilities connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and people-to-people bond. To make a more detailed analysis, we include two measurement criteria per variable, which can be used either to test for suitability of new or existing members of the New Silk Road. A second issue under study is the feasibility analysis of the extension of the initiative into Latin America. We use the proposed mechanism comparing 10 active members of the BRI versus 10 countries in Latin America. Results show the adequacy of the region to join the initiative. Indeed, we demonstrate that Latin America is suitable to be the East Wind of the BRI.

scholarly journals Defining the Building Blocks and the Priority Areas for Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Yaktor Joshua Inusa ◽  
Doris Hooi Chyee Toe ◽  
Kum Weng Yong
Keyword(s):  
Financial Integration ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Collective Development ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a China’s endeavour to globally connect the countries along two major routes. This paper examines the keywords defining the building blocks and priority areas under the BRI and their relationship in order to foster a practical understanding of the BRI for enhancing regional cooperation and connectivity along the routes. The methodology employed was a systematic literature review involving four stages. Firstly, a broad search in the Scopus database (2016-2020) using BRI or similar terms returned n=1,710 articles which were further limited using the keywords: building blocks, priority areas, policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration and people-to-people exchange. Other keywords considered were community and Silk Road. The articles were then screened and assessed resulting in 155 articles reviewed in this study. The review reveals that while the building blocks are the aim motivating the BRI, hence the spirit behind it, the five priority areas provide practical methods through which China and other countries along the Belt and Road routes will focus their collective development. The relationship between the two aspects owes to the fact that people are involved at all spheres of the initiative bringing about emphasis on the people-to-people exchange which is a core part of social dimension in sustainable development. In contribution, this paper presents a unique perspective for looking at the BRI for a focused discussion of its cooperative framework which could serve as a foundation for further research in various sectors

scholarly journals مبادرة الحزام والطريق: نشأة وأهداف / The Belt and Road Initiative: Origin and Objectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Ding Long
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a strategy initiated by Chinese government that seeks to connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime networks with the aim of increasing commercial exchange, stimulating economic growth and improving regional integration. The BRI comprises a Silk Road Economic Belt and a 21st century Maritime Silk Road. The initiative defines five major priorities, namely policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and people-to-people bonds. The BRI has been associated with large investment programs in infrastructure projects. It is also an increasingly important umbrella mechanism for China’s bilateral trade with BRI partners.

scholarly journals Heilongjiang Province’s Engagement in BRI

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
S. Linlin
Keyword(s):  
Financial Integration ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
The Belt And Road

As one of the nine border provinces in the country, Heilongjiang Province has 2,981 kilometres of RussianRussian border and 25 national first-class ports. In the past five years, Heilongjiang Province, based on the prominent geographical position in the core of Northeast Asia, has actively promoted the national strategy of the Belt and Road Initiative, deepened on open cooperation with countries in the Northeast Asia, and focused on developing economic cooperation and trade with Russia while building a new pattern of openness to the outside world. This paper in detail elaborates the progress of Heilongjiang Province’s participation in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in aspect of “five links” construction, namely, policy coordination, connectivity of infrastructure, unimpeded trade, financial integration and closer people-to-people ties, since the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, and further proposes feasible countermeasures.

scholarly journals Study on the New Mode of Cultural Diversity Communication and Cooperation in "The Belt and Road Initiative" Construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Peilan Peng ◽  
Zewei Fang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

<p>The implementation of "the Belt and Road Initiative" requires the development of the "five - connectivity" construction of policy coordination, facilities connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, heart-to-heart communication. Among which, heart-to-heart communication is the premise. In addition, cultural transmission and cooperation is the foundation and guarantee for the construction of heart-to-heart communication contents and methods. What we need to do is to make clear the opportunities and challenges we are faced with and to make a far-reaching strategic deployment and adopt feasible measures and implementing approaches. Some domestic scholars do carry out some researches on the area of cultural communication and analyze some opportunities and challenges confronted. It lacks the analysis on the diversity of the means of cultural transmission and cooperation. The paper proposes an in-depth exploration and research on the implementing approaches and security measures, and it tries to construct a new integrated mode of cultural diversity communication and exchange, so as to promote the implementation of cultural transmission and cooperation to enhance the community of shared interests of "the Belt and Road Initiative".</p>

scholarly journals The Development of Sino Indian Trade from the Perspective of “The Belt and Road Initiative”

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p7
Author(s):  
Che Zilong
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
China And India ◽  
History Of ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Indian War ◽  
Cooperation Relationship ◽  
The Belt And Road

Since ancient times, the two ancient civilizations of China and India have had a long history of trade exchanges, and such trade exchanges have left an important mark in the history of Sino-India relations. Chronologically，this article takes the Sino-Indian trade exchanges as a research perspective to outline two thousand years of trade history between two countries. From the Sino-Indian Business Road that began in the Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty to the origin of the Silk Road on which Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions as an envoy, explored the Sino-India-Tibet Road and Maritime Silk Road trade; analyzed the opium trade between China, Britain and India in modern times. At the same time, it uses the founding of People’s Republic of China, the Sino-Indian War, the Belt and Road Initiative and the important events of the global epidemic as nodes to describe the development of Sino-Indian trade. In the long history, this kind of rich trade history also shows that China and India are more likely and should establish a better and more extensive trade cooperation relationship, and learn to effectively deal with the turmoil. This will provide reference for operating the trade activities between the two countries.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Humanistic Exchange and Cooperation between China and Southeast Asian in the Perspective of "the Belt and Road" Initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
智宏 温
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

In the exchanges between different countries, apart from enhancing political mutual trust and strengthening pragmatic cooperation, it is of great importance to forging humanistic exchange. With a long history of exchanges between China and all the countries in South-east Asia, the humanistic exchange between China and South-east Asia has been continuing since the founding of the People's Republic of China. After the establishment of China-ASEAN dialogue relations, the strategic position of humanistic exchange has been rapidly improved. By means of the case study of Confucius Institute, sister cities, and tourism cooperation, the author has found that humanistic exchange between China and South-east Asia has enjoyed a long history and embodied profound and extensive meaning. It is the ancient Maritime Silk Road that helped to form the exchanges between China and South-east Asia. In the meantime, it is the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road that has deepened this friendship. The successful experience of humanistic exchange and cooperation between China and South-east Asia has not only consolidated the China-ASEAN strategic partnership but also provided a conducive reference for people-to-people ties in the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative. In addition, it has added dynamics and confidence to the building of a community with a shared future for mankind which is propelled by China's humanistic diplomacy.

scholarly journals Cooperation as a key ingredient for development in science, technology, education, economy and culture between China and Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-63
Author(s):  
Beibei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Latin American Studies ◽  
Development Path ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Geographical Environment ◽  
Cultural Exchanges ◽  
History Of ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

China has a long history of relations with Latin America, and under the “Belt and Road" initiative, China and Latin America have become more closely connected and have achieved more results in economic and trade, science and technology, and cultural exchanges. The interest in Latin American studies is growing not only because of Latin American’s rich natural resources, passionate culture, and superior geographical environment, but also because Latin America's development needs have an important intersection with China's development path.

scholarly journals Policy Coordination between China and Latin American Countries under the Framework of the Belt and Road Initiative

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-150
Author(s):  
Xu Wenhong
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The Belt And Road

Latin American countries were not a part of the earlier draft of the route map of China’s Belt and Road initiative. Through efforts of both sides, starting from the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in May 2017, Latin America has become an indispensable and important participant of the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative. In view of the differences in history and objective circumstances between China and Latin America in terms of histories, cultures, current economic states and development needs etc., policy coordination plays a fundamental role in the China-Latin America cooperation under the framework of the Belt and Road initiative. This article explores the four aspects of policy coordination in the BRI context, namely historical background, philosophy, principle and objective. The article notes that the weight of the US, EU and Japan in the global economy is decreasing, and the number of contradictions in the national economies of these countries, on the contrary, is growing. At the same time, the aggregate economic weight of developing countries is increasing. This new paradigm of development of the world economy gives a chance to developing countries, namely China and Latin America, to deepen economic cooperation. China has already become the second largest trading partner and the third largest source of investment for Latin American countries. China also proposes a solution based on its own Chinese experience, which will allow countries from Latin America to further accelerate their economic growth through infrastructure cooperation within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. The basic principles of such cooperation are win-win cooperation, shared growth through discussion and collaboration and the essence of policy coordination, etc. It is believed that, on the premise of a high degree of consensus achieved through policy coordination, both China and Latin America will achieve sustainable and efficient cooperation and development under the framework of the Belt and Road initiative.

INTERPRETATION OF SINO-RUSSIAN CULTURE AND HUMANITIES COOPERATION IN THE NEW ERA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-193
Author(s):  
REN YANYAN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
New Era ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cooperative Partnership ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The friendship between nations lies in the mutual affinity of the people, and the people’s affinity lies in the communion of hearts. The cultural and humanities cooperation between China and Russia has a long history. In recent years, under the role of the“Belt and Road” initiative, the SCO, and the Sino-Russian Humanities Cooperation Committee, Sino-Russian culture and humanities cooperation has continued to deepen. Entering a new era, taking the opportunity to promote Sino-Russian relations into a “new era China-Russia comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership”, the development of human relations between the two countries has entered a new historical starting point, while also facing a series of problems and challenges. This article is based on the current status of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, interprets the characteristics of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, analyzes the problems and challenges of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, and tries to propose solutions and solutions with a view to further developing Sino-Russian cultural and humanities relations in the new era. It is a useful reference, and provides a reference for future related research, and ultimately helps the Sino-Russian cultural and humanities relations in the new era to be stable and far-reaching.

scholarly journals Industrial Land Change in Chinese Silk Road Cities and Its Influence on Environments

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Sidong Zhao ◽  
Yiran Yan ◽  
Jing Han
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
Land Change ◽  
Industrial Land ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The “Belt and Road” has developed from a Chinese initiative to an international consensus, and Silk Road cities are becoming a strategic step for its high-quality development. From the perspective of industrialization, the “Belt and Road” can be regarded as a “spillover” effect of the industrialization process in China. With the spatial shift of Chinese industries along the “Belt and Road” and their clustering in Silk Road cities, the development and change of industrial land in Silk Road cities has become a new area of concern for governments and scholars. In this paper, the driving mechanism of industrial land change in 129 cities along the Silk Road in China is empirically studied by the GeoDetector method. The findings include: first, the development and changes of industrial land in Silk Road cities are significantly spatially heterogeneous, and the “Belt and Road” reshapes the town system and economic geography along the route by virtue of the differentiated configuration and changes of industrial land, changing the social, political, landscape and spatial relations in cities on the line. Second, the driving forces of industrial land change in Silk Road cities under the influence of the “Belt and Road Initiative” are increasingly diversified and differentiated, with significant two-factor enhancement and non-linear enhancement interaction between two driving factors, and growing complexity of the driving mechanisms, requiring policy makers to design policies based on key factors, comprehensive factors and their interaction. Third, the environmental effect of industrial land change is highly complex. The industrial land quantity has a direct impact on the ecological state parameter and plays a decisive role in the quality of the ecological environment and its changes in Silk Road cities. However, changes in the industrial land affect the ecological state change indirectly, mainly interacting with it through the coupling of pollutant and carbon dioxide emissions, energy use, ecological planning and landscape design and policy interventions. Finally, this study provides a new framework and method for Silk Road scholars to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of land use and coverage in cities along the “Belt and Road” and their influence mechanisms, and provides a basis for the government to make decisions on industrial land supply and layout planning and spatial governance policy design, which is of great theoretical significance and practical value.

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