Capsaicinoids in the Hottest Pepper Bhut Jolokia and its Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Activities

Hot peppers are known for medicinally important capsaicinoids. Bhut Jolokia, Capsicum chinense/Capsicum frutescens, is the hottest pepper in the world. However, its bioactivity and quantity of heat principles are not reported. We have now quantified capsaicin (C) and dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) in Bhut Jolokia and compared it with commonly consumed hot peppers, Jalapeno (Capsicum annuum) and Scotch Bonnet (Capsicum chinense). The concentration of C and DHC in Bhut Jolokia was 5.36%, which is about 338 and 18 times greater than in Scotch Bonnet and Jalapeno, respectively. We have also isolated capsaicin (C) and dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) in pure form and determined lipid peroxidation (LPO) and cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and -2) enzymes inhibitory concentrations. This is the first report of the quantification of C and DHC in Bhut Jolokia, comparison of capsaicinoids content in Bhut Jolokia with Jalapeno and Scotch Bonnet hot peppers and the COX and LPO inhibitory activities of C and DHC.

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‘Bhut Jolokia’—The World's Hottest Known Chile Pepper is a Putative Naturally Occurring Interspecific Hybrid

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.42.2.222 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 222-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Paul W. Bosland ◽

Jit B. Baral

Keyword(s):

Species Identification ◽

Dna Markers ◽

Interspecific Hybrid ◽

Genetic Introgression ◽

Capsicum Frutescens ◽

Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Capsicum Chinense ◽

Chile Pepper ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Bhut Jolokia

In replicated trials at Las Cruces, N.M., the Scoville heat units (SHUs) of ‘Bhut Jolokia’, a chile pepper from Assam, India, reached one million SHUs. Morphologic characters revealed that ‘Bhut Jolokia’ is a Capsicum chinense Jacq. cultivar. Molecular analysis with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers confirmed the species identification and, interestingly, revealed that there may have been genetic introgression from Capsicum frutescens L. into ‘Bhut Jolokia’.

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Karyological studies of two hot chilli pepper cultivars from two different geographical regions of India: Bhut jolokia, Capsicum chinense Jacq. and Bullet Lanka, Capsicum annuum L.

The Nucleus ◽

10.1007/s13237-016-0180-5 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 227-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Sk Moquammel Haque ◽

Subhabrata Paul ◽

Biswajit Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Capsicum Chinense ◽

Chilli Pepper ◽

Capsicum Annuum L ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Bhut Jolokia

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Antibacterial Effect of Hot Peppers (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum annuum var globriusculum, Capsicum frutescens) on Some Arcobacter, Campylobacter and Helicobacter Species

Pakistan Veterinary Journal ◽

10.29261/pakvetj/2018.057 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (03) ◽

pp. 266-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ali Nazmi Can Dogan

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Capsicum Frutescens ◽

Hot Peppers

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Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Bhut Jolokia) – rich source of capsaicin with wide application and economic potential

Annals of Plant Sciences ◽

10.21746/aps.2017.8.3 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 1664 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Biswadeep Gogoi

Keyword(s):

Geographical Indications ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Economic Potential ◽

Capsicum Chinense ◽

Patent Rights ◽

The World ◽

Natural Hybridisation ◽

The Government ◽

Bhut Jolokia ◽

Different Parts

Bhut jolokia, which is a cultivar of Capsicum chinense Jacq. is known to the world for its high capsaicinoids content. While wild C. chinense forms may be found in eastern lowland of South America, bhut jolokia is grown in the northeastern states of India. Evidences show that bhut jolokia has interspecific origin with introgression of genes of C. frutecens into C. chinense a natural hybridisation. The fruit of the plant and its leaves has been used as ethnobotanical medicine in different parts of the world. Phytochemical analysis has shown that the fruit is rich in capsaicinoids, which is the reason for its high pungency. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin are the two major capsaicinoids adding pungency to chilli. Higher the capsaicin higher is the pungency. Recent studies has shown wide medicinal applications of capsaicin such as pain relief, anti-obesity treatment, as an antioxidant, antimicrobial agent and even as anticancer molecule. The government of Nagaland has patent rights and geographical indications for naga chilli, which will certainly help in the economic prospect of the region from its cultivation. Thus, this review is an attempt to highlight the latest research and developments in bhut jolokia, which has a huge economic potential to prosper the northeastern region of India.

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ATTITUDES OF SERBIAN CONSUMERS TOWARDS DIFFERENT PEPPER FRUITS

Food and Feed Research ◽

10.5937/ffr0-34434 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dario Đ Danojević ◽

Svetlana Glogovac ◽

Sladjana Medic-Pap ◽

Djordje Moravcevic

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Hot Pepper ◽

Fruit Colour ◽

Fruit Type ◽

Capsicum Annuum L ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Pepper Fruit ◽

The World ◽

Hot Peppers

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the major vegetable species in the world. In Balkan cuisines, as well as in Serbia, pepper has a very diverse use. Knowledge about consumers habits and preferences is of great importance for a breeding process as well as in the market-orientated production. Because of the lack of information about consumers preferences towards pepper types, in the Serbian market, the present research was conducted. Four hundred and two participants, classified into groups, according to gender, age and education, answered the survey questions. According to this research, the most preferred pepper type in Serbia is kapia, while the bell pepper is the second chosen type. Also, obtained results showed that the most favourite colour of pepper fruit is red. There is a tendency in higher importance of fruit type than fruit colour. The highest percentage of hot pepper consumers prefer medium hot peppers. The obtained trend shows that women generally prefer less spicy pepper fruits than men.

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Behavior of the Hottest Chili Peppers in the World Cultivated in Yucatan, Mexico

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13574-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (12) ◽

pp. 1772-1775 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Liliana S. Muñoz-Ramírez ◽

Laura P. Peña-Yam ◽

Susana A. Avilés-Viñas ◽

Adriana Canto-Flick ◽

Adolfo A. Guzmán-Antonio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Yucatan Peninsula ◽

The Other ◽

Capsicum Chinense ◽

Heat Units ◽

Yucatán Peninsula ◽

The World ◽

Chili Peppers ◽

Bhut Jolokia

The Yucatan Peninsula is recognized as the center of genetic diversity of Habanero peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.), which can be distinguished from those cultivated in other regions of the world by their aroma, taste, and—most of all—by their pungency. We evaluated three commercial varieties of chili peppers reported as being the hottest in the world: ‘Bhut Jolokia’, ‘Trinidad Moruga Scorpion’, and ‘Carolina Reaper’. The aim of our study was to determine the behavior of the pungency when cultivated under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Yucatan. Our results show that the three varieties registered greater contents in comparison with those reported in other regions of the world. ‘Carolina Reaper’—considered to be the hottest variety in the world, with a pungency of 2,200,000 Scoville heat units (SHU)—when cultivated in Yucatan, had a pungency of 3,006,330 SHU, which was greater than all the other varieties analyzed.

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Health-Beneficial Phenolic Aldehyde inAntigonon leptopusTea

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1093/ecam/nep041 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vanisree Mulabagal ◽

Ruby L. Alexander-Lindo ◽

David L. DeWitt ◽

Muraleedharan G. Nair

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Pain Relief ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Bioassay Guided Fractionation ◽

Inhibitory Activities ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Dried Extract ◽

Cox 1

Tea prepared from the aerial parts ofAntigonon leptopusis used as a remedy for cold and pain relief in many countries. In this study,A. leptopustea, prepared from the dried aerial parts, was evaluated for lipid peroxidation (LPO) and cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzyme inhibitory activities. The tea as a dried extract inhibited LPO, COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes by 78%, 38% and 89%, respectively, at 100 g/mL. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract yielded a selective COX-2 enzyme inhibitory phenolic aldehyde, 2,3,4-trihydroxy benzaldehyde. Also, it showed LPO inhibitory activity by 68.3% at 6.25 g/mL. Therefore, we have studied other hydroxy benzaldehydes and their methoxy analogs for LPO, COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes inhibitory activities and found that compound1gave the highest COX-2 enzyme inhibitory activity as indicated by a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 9.7 g/mL. The analogs showed only marginal LPO activity at 6.25 g/mL. The hydroxy analogs6,7and9showed 55%, 61% and 43% of COX-2 inhibition at 100 g/mL. However, hydroxy benzaldehydes3and12showed selective COX-1 inhibition while compounds4and10gave little or no COX-2 enzyme inhibition at 100 g/mL. At the same concentration, compounds14,21and22inhibited COX-1 by 83, 85 and 70%, respectively. Similarly, compounds18,19and23inhibited COX-2 by 68%, 72% and 70%, at 100 g/mL. This is the first report on the isolation of compound1fromA. leptopustea with selective COX-2 enzyme and LPO inhibitory activities.

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