Performance of Strobilanthes crispus Leaves Extract as Potential Antioxidant Compound in Oil-in-water Emulsion

Excess of free radicals accelerates the degradation of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion due to oxidative damage resulting in low emulsion quality such as in lotion formulation. The blend of antioxidants in O/W emulsion could reduce the damage caused by the radical compounds. The crude extract of Strobilanthes crispus (S. crispus) leaves was screened for assessing bioactive phytochemical constituents. By using various chemical assays, the extract of S. crispus leaves revealed the presence of tannins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids and glycosides. Besides that, the antioxidant activity of the leaf extract, spray-dried extract, a lotion containing extract and other local and abroad commercial lotions were determined as references using standard methods such as total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power assay. In terms of TFC, the highest, 10.591±0.01 mg QE/g was recorded in crude extract along with the highest reducing power and percentage inhibition, 25.40±0.02 mg GAE/g and 88.89 % respectively. The result from TPC value can be a good indicator for a longer shelf life of the O/W emulsion if compared to other results from TPF, reducing power and DPPH value. From this study, it can be concluded that S. crispus has potential as a good natural antioxidant ingredient for the emulsion of O/W formulation.

Exploration of Phytopharmacognostic Study of Alianthus excelsa Roxb.(Simaroubaceae) Leaves

Aim: The purpose of this research is to look at the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of Alianthus excelsa leaves. Methods and Materials: The tree Alianthus excelsa Roxb. belongs to the Simaroubaceae family and is native to Central and Southern India. The entire methanolic extract of Alianthus excelsa leaves was examined for its microscopical, physicochemical, phytochemical, isolation, characterisation, and anti-inflammatory activities. Leaf powder was tested for total ash, water soluble, acid insoluble, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, moisture content, and fluorescence property. Results: Carbohydrates, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and amino acids were found in the leaf methanolic oven dried extract. To determine the existence of phenolic content in extracts, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were calculated. Phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and saponin glycoside were found in the leaf sections throughout the experiment, which were isolated using column chromatography and characterised using IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Three flavonoids and one flavonoid

Determination of amount of retinylpalmitate and ascorbic acid of extract gel of sweet corn fibre by UVand HPTLC method

Sweet corn fibres of about 15 gm were extracted with methanol for 5 hours in heating mantle at 40C and filtered and allowed to dry. The dried gel was further analyzed for estimation of Retinyl palmitate by spectrophotometrically by laboratory method and found to be 140 mg/kg. The dried extract gel was further estimated for ascorbic acid both by UV and HPTLC and found to be linear in the range of 1-5 ug/ml and 5-10ug/ml, correlation coefficient was found to be 0.997 and 0.998 and the amount of ascorbic acid was found to be 338 ng/ml and 9.9 ng/ml by UV and HPTLC respectively. The method was found to be linear.

Roselle anthocyanin stability profile and its potential role in post-harvest deterioration: A review

The conversion of roselle calyx into a dried extract without decreasing its consistency is a challenge, given the perishability of the calyx and instability of anthocyanin, which can quickly degrade and develop colored or unwanted brown colors because of its high reactivity. The most critical factors influencing anthocyanins' stability are pH, temperature, light and post-harvest-related enzymes. Besides, the calyx suffered wound injury when removing seed from the calyx, causing stress and eventually, microbial degradation. Nonetheless, mature anthocyanins stimulate plants by responding to stress, especially drought, high salinity, excess light and injury; it is also correlated with improved stress resistance as the genes of individual plants are triggered under these conditions modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. This work investigates the stability and potential role of roselle anthocyanin in post harvest deterioration. Anthocyanin stability can, therefore, be achieved by maintaining low pH and temperature, acylation, glycosylation, copigmentation and encapsulation. In the quest for roselle deterioration biomarkers, the detection of critical enzymes, such as Chalcone synthase CHS and FH3 Flavanone 3 hydroxylase, would offer insight into the genetic modification of anthocyanin.

Antioxidant Activity of Total phenols and Flavonoids extracted from Echinops polyceras roots grown in Syria

Free radicals are reactive compounds, their excessive production is considered to be an important cause of oxidative damage in biomolecules causing degenerative diseases. Polyphenols are one of the most important groups of secondary metabolites of plants, which have an antioxidant activity depending on their properties as hydrogen donors. Echinops polyceras Boiss. (Asteraceae) is one of Echinops genus species that spread in Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. Phytochemicals found in this species leaves have been extracted with gradient polarity solvents, and primary screening of the secondary metabolites was established. The phenolic compounds and flavonoids contents were determined. The free radicals scavenging activity was evaluated for all extracts with DPPH• in a 96-well microplate. The specificity study indicates that ascorbic acid was absent, and reducing sugars were exist in the aqueous extract. The identification tests showed the presence of polyphenols like flavonoids and coumarins. The methanolic extract of the E. polyceras leaves was the most effective scavengers of free radicals (90.22% in 30 min) with phenolic compounds content 682.5 mg GAE/g of dried extract (DE) and flavonoids content 194.5 mg QE/ g DE. The chloroform extract was the least effective as free radical scavenging (60% in 30 min) as the phenolic compounds content was 278.5 mg GAE/g DE and flavonoids content 94 mg QE/ g DE. In conclusion, the phenolic compounds and flavonoids from Echinops polyceras Boiss. are effective in free radicals scavenging and protecting from diseases caused by oxidative stress.

Combined Water Extracts from Oxidation-Treated Leaves and Branches of Hovenia dulcis Has Anti-Hangover and Liver Protective Effects in Binge Alcohol Intake of Male Mice

Hovenia dulcis, known as the oriental raisin tree, is used for food supplements and traditional medicine for the liver after alcohol-related symptoms. However, little information exists about the use of its leaves and branches. In this study, we established a method to use the leaves and branches to develop anti-hangover treatment and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Oxidation-treated leaves (OL) exhibited high antioxidant content comparable to that of the peduncles and showed an anti-hangover effect in male mice. The branch extract (BE) was enriched in the flavonoid catechin, approximately five times more than OL extract. The mixture of OL and BE (OLB) was formulated in a 2:1 ratio with frozen-dried extract weight and was tested for anti-hangover effects and protective properties against binge alcohol-induced liver injury. OLB showed better anti-hangover effect than OL. In addition to this anti-hangover effect, OLB protected the liver from oxidative/nitrosative damage induced by binge alcohol intake.

Optimization of Spray Drying Without Drying Carriers from Rehmannia glutinosa L. Root and Coix lachryma- jobi L. Trunk

Spray drying is a well-known method for preparing dried extracts from herbs. Rehmannia glutinosa root and Coix lachryma-jobi trunk are widely researched especially for diabetes treatment. The optimization of extraction conditions, namely the alcohol concentration, treated herbs and solvent ratio, extraction temperature, and time. The extracts are dried by Labplant machine with two specifications (drying inlet air temperature and flow- rate). Rehmannia glutinosa root is extracted by refluxing method for 60 minutes with 40% alcohol, the ratio of treated herbs and solvent was 1:3, at 800C by three times extract and its dried extract is prepared at a drying inlet air temperature of 90oC, 8 cycles per minute. Coix lachryma-jobi trunk is also extracted by the same method for 60 minutes with 80% alcohol, the ratio of treated herbs and solvent was 1:6, extraction temperature and time are respective 80oC and two times, spray drying conditions were 80oC (drying inlet air temperature) and 4 cycles per minute (flow- rate). The obtained dried extracts of Rehmannia glutinosa root and Coix lachryma-jobi trunk have average moisture contents of 4.52% and 3.84%, respectively. Therefore, this study is a novel approach to significantly decreasing the amount of carriers to reduce research's funds and saving dried extracts' price.

PHYTOCHEMICAL, PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF THE LEAVES OF TECOMA STANS

Tecoma stans a woody shrubs belonging to the Bignoniaceae family and is commonly known as Pelli Kaner. The present paper shows various pharmacognostic standards such as taxonomy of leaf which shows leaf is found to be simple with the alternate arrangement, serrulate margin with obovate shape, obtuse apex and oblique, rounded base, pinnate venation. Secondly, microscopic characters are determined by cutting its leaf transverse section as well as powder microscopy, these studies provide various information about the arrangement of cell-like xylem, phloem, the upper and lower epidermis. Vein islet and vein termination number etc. Physical and chemical parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, moisture content, water-soluble, and extractive value of leaf are calculated. Various chemical reagents are used to identify the chemical nature of leaf extract. Ethanolic extract of leaf is found to be active and 200 and 400 mg when in vivo evaluated for hepatoprotective activity. Ethanolic extract of the leaf also contains total phenolic content of 1.36 ± 0.02 mg/gm of dried extract equivalent to Gallic acid, the total flavonoids content of the extract was evaluated to be 4.41± 0.02 mg/gram and potential antioxidant activity which is comparable to the standards.