Sustainability of Timor Deer in Captivity: Captive Breeding Systems in West Java, Indonesia

Captive breeding programmes are increasingly relied upon for threatened species management. Changes in morphology can occur in captivity, often with unknown consequences for reintroductions. Few studies have examined the morphological changes that occur in captive animals compared with wild animals. Further, the effect of multiple generations being maintained in captivity, and the potential effects of captivity on sexual dimorphism remain poorly understood. We compared external and internal morphology of captive and wild animals using house mouse ( Mus musculus ) as a model species. In addition, we looked at morphology across two captive generations, and compared morphology between sexes. We found no statistically significant differences in external morphology, but after one generation in captivity there was evidence for a shift in the internal morphology of captive-reared mice; captive-reared mice (two generations bred) had lighter combined kidney and spleen masses compared with wild-caught mice. Sexual dimorphism was maintained in captivity. Our findings demonstrate that captive breeding can alter internal morphology. Given that these morphological changes may impact organismal functioning and viability following release, further investigation is warranted. If the morphological change is shown to be maladaptive, these changes would have significant implications for captive-source populations that are used for reintroduction, including reduced survivorship.

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Effects of collection zones and storage on hatchability and survival of feral helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris galleata pallas) eggs

Zoologist (The) ◽

10.4314/tzool.v18i1.13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 74-81

Author(s):

A.A. Yusuf ◽

O.A. Jayeola ◽

I.O.O. Osunsina ◽

G.A. Dedeke

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Captive Breeding ◽

Storage Systems ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Numida Meleagris ◽

Significant Difference ◽

In Captivity ◽

Protein Supply ◽

And Storage ◽

Kainji Lake

The desire to shore up the shortfall in protein supply, the increased awareness of the importance of cholesterol free animal protein, like guineafowl, and the need to conserve their wild genes, have necessitated studies on improved captive breeding of feral helmeted guineafowl. Hence, this study was aimed at determining the effects of ecological zones and storage systems on the guineafowl eggs. Guineafowl eggs (n=214), were collected from identified and monitored-nests within the Kainji Lake National Park (KLNP) and Old Oyo National Park (OONP). Out of 91 eggs collected from KLNP, 32 and 38 were stored at room temperature (RT-21-25°C) and refrigerator (RF-17-20°C), respectively for five days prior to incubation while 21 eggs were not stored (NS-27-29°C), and out of 123 collected from OONP, 70 and 19 were stored for five days prior to incubation at (RT-21-25°C) and (RF-17-20°C), respectively while 34 eggs were (NS- 27-29°C). Prior to incubation, eggs were weighed, the height and width were measured. The process was repeated after incubation for unhatched eggs. Candling was done three days before hatching at day 29 of egg incubation. Embryo status of unhatched eggs was determined by cracking the eggs. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The NS eggs from Kainji (7.60%) and Oyo (2.01%) had the lowest percentage shrinkage in weight across the three storage systems. The order was reversed in height with RF eggs from Kainji (0.96%) and Oyo (0.46%) having lowest. The least shrinkage in width of eggs from Oyo was recorded in the RF eggs (0.00%) and in NS (0.59%) from Kainji. Eggs candling showed that presumed fertile (opaque) was highest (69.10%) in NS eggs followed by RT (45.00%). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the hatchability of eggs from the two parks though hatchability (7.60%) of Kainji eggs was higher than those of Oyo (7.40%). Further check on fertilization after incubation showed that RT (37.50%) eggs from Kainji were fertilized but were unable to hatch alive so also was RF eggs (21.10%). The study showed that the eggs sizes vary with ecozones while size of the eggs and storage systems affects hatchability and survival of feral helmeted guineafowl eggs in captivity. Keywords: Guineafowl; ecozones; storage systems; incubation; candling; hatchability

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Differences in mate pairings of hatchery and natural origin coho salmon inferred from offspring genotypes

Integrative Organismal Biology ◽

10.1093/iob/obab020 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

H L Auld ◽

D P Jacobson ◽

A C Rhodes ◽

M A Banks

Keyword(s):

Mate Choice ◽

Captive Breeding ◽

Population Genomics ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Genotyping By Sequencing ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Natural Origin ◽

In Captivity ◽

Genetic Level

Abstract Captive breeding can affect how sexual selection acts on subsequent generations. One context where this is important is in fish hatcheries. In many salmon hatcheries, spawning is controlled artificially and offspring are reared in captivity before release into the wild. While previous studies have suggested that hatchery and natural origin fish may make different mate choice decisions, it remains to be determined how hatchery fish may be making different mate choice decisions compared to natural origin fish at a genetic level. Using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), we identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with variation in mate pairings from a natural context involving hatchery and natural origin coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). In both natural origin and hatchery mate pairs, we observed more SNPs with negative assortment, than positive assortment. However, only 3% of the negative assortment SNPs were shared between the two mating groups, and 1% of the positive assortment SNPs were shared between the two mating groups, indicating divergence in mating cues between wild and hatchery raised salmon. These findings shed light on mate choice in general and may have important implications in the conservation management of species as well as for improving other captive breeding scenarios. There remains much to discover about mate choice in salmon and research described here reflects our intent to test the potential of ongoing advances in population genomics to develop new hatchery practices that may improve the performance of hatchery offspring, lessening the differences and thus potential impacts upon wild stocks.

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Operation Oryx: The Three Stages of Captive Breeding

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s003060530000613x ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 110-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ian. R. Grimwood

Keyword(s):

Captive Breeding ◽

World Wildlife Fund ◽

Game Warden ◽

The World ◽

In Captivity ◽

Breeding Herd ◽

Arabian Oryx ◽

Three Stages

In 1961 the Arabian oryx was in such danger that the only hope for its survival seemed to lie in capturing sufficient animals to start a breeding herd in captivity from which eventually some could be returned to the wild. The Fauna Preservation Society, aided by the World Wildlife Fund, organised Operation Oryx, and under the leadership of Major Grimwood, then Chief Game Warden in Kenya, three animals were captured. These, together with some from the very few in captivity, were sent to Phoenix Zoo in Arizona for stage two of the operation, the breeding of a stock, which is now going on successfully. Stage three, the return to the wild, still lies ahead. Describing the capture expedition, Major Grimwood emphasises the immense interest it aroused, which brought help from six governments, five zoos, scores of societies and clubs, hundreds of individuals, and several oil and other companies, including an electricity company in Kenya which emptied its showroom of ovens in order to heat the oryx's quarantine quarters to save them from the cold.

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Captive Hill Mynah Gracula religiosa breeding success: potential for bird conservation in Thailand?

Bird Conservation International ◽

10.1017/s0959270905000651 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 327-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MANEE ARCHAWARANON

Keyword(s):

Captive Breeding ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Reproductive Behaviour ◽

Free Access ◽

Bird Conservation ◽

Species Survival ◽

Conservation Problem ◽

In Captivity ◽

In The Wild ◽

Nest Materials

Hill Mynah Gracula religiosa is one of the most popular bird pets worldwide due to its ability to mimic diverse sounds, especially human speech. However, Mynahs have rarely been bred in captivity, so nestlings from natural populations are in large demand, resulting in many populations being threatened with extinction. Both subspecies in Thailand, intermedia and religiosa, are costly and desired in the pet market. Captive breeding is one of the most practical strategies to solve a conservation problem of this nature and this report describes a success in breeding Hill Mynahs in captivity. Mated pairs were given free access to food, nest-cavities and nest materials. Reproductive behaviour in captivity was not different from that in the wild, with the exception that breeding occurred throughout the year, even during the non-breeding season for wild populations. Although there are doubts concerning the reintroduction of captive-bred birds and whether successful Hill Mynah breeding in captivity is an economically competitive alternative to poaching, it ensures species survival in captivity as the risk of extinction increases.

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The Maintenance of Puffadders (Bitis a. arietans) in Captivity, with Notes on Captive Breeding

The Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa ◽

10.1080/04416651.1990.9650286 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 53-55

Author(s):

G. V. Haagner

Keyword(s):

Captive Breeding ◽

In Captivity

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Patagonian huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) under captive conditions: an historical overview

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an10226 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 340 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fernando Vidal ◽

Jo Anne M. Smith-Flueck ◽

Werner T. Flueck ◽

Eduardo Arias

Keyword(s):

Captive Breeding ◽

The Past ◽

Construction Design ◽

Captive Breeding Program ◽

Hippocamelus Bisulcus ◽

In Captivity ◽

Current Program ◽

Endangered Status ◽

Historical Accounts

Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is a native deer of Patagonia whose endangered status has raised concerns for several decades, and yet conservation efforts to reverse this situation have not succeeded for most populations. Captive breeding projects attempted in the past were short-lived; animals were often lost due to poor methodology or unsanitary conditions during capture, transport stresses and rudimentary husbandry, and reintroductions could not be realised. Despite inappropriate capture and transport techniques of the past, a few individuals did make it to captive centres where they managed to survive for several years, with a minimum of eight births recorded. Regardless of the successes, it is the past failures that impinge upon today’s conservation efforts. In Argentina, a recent financially backed proposal – establishing a huemul breeding centre and including an in situ reintroduction program – was prevented by the prevailing opinion that captive breeding was neither feasible nor a necessary conservation tool for huemul. In Chile, the Huilo Huilo Foundation was able to obtain government consent and to establish the only captive breeding project in the last two decades with the main objective of reintroducing individuals in the future. Here we present some of the historical accounts to demonstrate the suitability of the species to captivity. We then describe the Chilean semi-captive breeding program (begun in 2005) including capture, transport, site selection, construction design and maintenance procedures of the two centres. The first centre has grown from an initial two adults to nine individuals. The second centre, which initially served for rehabilitation of an injured male, is awaiting arrival of some females. The success of the current program demonstrates that huemul can do well in captivity, and wherever considered beneficial, could serve as a significant conservation tool for the recovery of the species, inclusive of a research program and reintroductions to qualified sites.

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Somewhat saved: a captive breeding programme for two endemic Christmas Island lizard species, now extinct in the wild

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605316001071 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 171-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paul Andrew ◽

Hal Cogger ◽

Don Driscoll ◽

Samantha Flakus ◽

Peter Harlow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Captive Breeding ◽

Biodiversity Loss ◽

Breeding Programme ◽

Lizard Species ◽

Christmas Island ◽

Captive Populations ◽

Captive Breeding Programme ◽

In Captivity ◽

In The Wild

AbstractAs with many islands, Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean has suffered severe biodiversity loss. Its terrestrial lizard fauna comprised five native species, of which four were endemic. These were abundant until at least the late 1970s, but four species declined rapidly thereafter and were last reported in the wild between 2009 and 2013. In response to the decline, a captive breeding programme was established in August 2009. This attempt came too late for the Christmas Island forest skink Emoia nativitatis, whose last known individual died in captivity in 2014, and for the non-endemic coastal skink Emoia atrocostata. However, two captive populations are now established for Lister's gecko Lepidodactylus listeri and the blue-tailed skink Cryptoblepharus egeriae. The conservation future for these two species is challenging: reintroduction will not be possible until the main threats are identified and controlled.

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Firefly Translocation: A Case Study of Genetic and Behavioral Evaluation in Thailand

10.5772/intechopen.97455 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anchana Thancharoen

Keyword(s):

Success Rate ◽

Captive Breeding ◽

Large Population ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

Success Rates ◽

Captive Populations ◽

In Captivity ◽

In The Wild ◽

Threatened Fauna

Conservation translocation is frequently used to conserve the threatened fauna by releasing individuals from the wild or captive populations into a particular area. This approach, however, is not successful in many cases because the translocated populations could not self-sustain in the new habitats. In this chapter, I reviewed the concept of translocation for conservation and the factors associated with the success rate. I used example problems from several cases involving different insect taxa. With its often high potential to mass rear in captivity, captive breeding can be a powerful tool by assuring large population size for insect translocation, which can result in a high success rate. However, genetic consequences from inbreeding and genetic adaptation to captivity can reduce the fitness of the captive population to establish successfully in the wild. Additionally, as the evidence in Japanese fireflies shows, the genetic differences between the translocated and local populations should be considered for a sustainable translocation program. A case study involved genetic and behavioral evaluation of S. aquatilis populations to assess the possibility of including the species for the firefly translocation program in Thailand. Although the results revealed no genetic variation among populations, examination of the variation in flash signals showed that the long-distance population had a longer courtship flash pulse than other populations in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. With no geographical barrier, the light pollution and urbanization are probably important fragmented barriers causing adaptation of flash communication to increase the fitness. As a consequence, firefly translocation should consider flash variation between populations to prevent this potential pre-mating isolation mechanism from resulting in probable lower translocation success rates.

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Captive breeding for conservation of Dussumier’s Catfish (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes: Clariidae: Clarias dussumieri) a Near Threatened endemic catfish of peninsular India

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.2444.9.7.10380-10385 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 10380

Author(s):

K. G. Padmakumar ◽

L. Bindu ◽

P. S. Sreerekha ◽

Nitta Joseph ◽

Anuradha Krishnan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endemic Species ◽

Captive Breeding ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Larval Rearing ◽

Pituitary Extract ◽

Peninsular India ◽

Hormonal Manipulation ◽

In Captivity ◽

Mean Size ◽

Near Threatened

The peninsular Indian endemic Dussumier’s Catfish Clarias dussumieri once abundant in the wetlands and other water bodies of Kerala is now in rapid decline. The present paper focuses on an approach towards the conservation of this rare catfish through artificial propagation. Fishes were bred in captivity by the administration of fish pituitary extract at the rate of 20–40 mg.kg-1. Spawning occurred after 12–14 hr of injection and fertilized eggs hatched after 16:30hr. Larval rearing was carried out in cement cisterns and the larvae attained a mean size of 51.6±1.6mm in 60 days. Since brooders of this species have become extremely rare in nature, the present study on captive breeding by hormonal manipulation methods without sacrificing the male fishes, assumes significance for conserving this endemic species.

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