scholarly journals The Shape of Belief: Developing a Mousetracking-Based Relational Implicit Measure

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062097801
Author(s):  
Jamie Cummins ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Relational Information ◽  
Strong Potential

The Propositional Evaluation Paradigm (PEP) has recently shown promise as a relational implicit measure (i.e., an implicit measure which can specify how stimuli are related). Whereas the standard PEP measures response times, mousetracking is becoming increasingly popular for quantifying response competition, with distinct advantages beyond response times. Across four preregistered experiments ( N = 737), we interface the utility of the PEP method with the unique benefits of mousetracking by developing a mousetracking PEP (MT-PEP). The MT-PEP very effectively captured group-level beliefs across domains (Experiments 1–4). It produced larger effects (Experiment 3), exhibited superior predictive validity (Experiment 3), and better split-half reliability (Experiments 3–4) than the standard PEP. Both PEPs appear to be intentionally controllable, particularly the MT-PEP (Experiments 3–4). Nevertheless, the MT-PEP shows strong potential in capturing relational information and may be considered implicit in the sense of capturing fast and unaware (but not unintentional) responding.

scholarly journals Revisiting and Extending a Response Latency Measure of Inclusion of the Other in the Self

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janis Heinrich Zickfeld ◽  
Thomas W. Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Response Latency ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Response Times ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Interpersonal Closeness ◽  
Negative Effect

Although the concept of inclusion of the other in the self (IOS) has been successfully assessed with explicit self-report measures implicit procedures have been neglected in past literature. The present article explores the validity of such an implicit measure by proposing several extensions and adaptions. Based on the me/not-me response latency task originally conceptualized by Aron, Aron, Tudor and Nelson (1991) we addressed methodological problems by proposing changes in material, calculation of indices and implemented the task in an online environment. We also addressed earlier problems with statistical power and proposed a more powerful way of statistical analyses using mixed models. The me/not-me task is based on the idea that higher overlap between self and other traits results in faster response times of characterizing such a trait as descriptive of the self. This relationship should be observed for close others but not for non-close others. In a sample of 339 US American adults we experimentally manipulated the nature of the target (close vs. distant) and participants engaged in the adapted me/not-me paradigm. Results indicated that trait match had a stronger negative effect on response times for participants in the close condition. The effect was also stronger for participants rating the target higher on the IOS self-report scale. We also provided convergent validity of the me/not-me procedure with other constructs ostensibly measuring interpersonal closeness. Future applications and possible limitations are discussed.

Ego Depletion Moderates the Influence of Automatic and Controlled Precursors of Reactive Aggression

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander F. Schmidt ◽  
Philipp S. Zimmermann ◽  
Rainer Banse ◽  
Roland Imhoff
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Reactive Aggression ◽  
Ego Depletion ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
Taylor Aggression Paradigm ◽  
Systems Perspective

From a dual-systems perspective, it has been proposed that predictive validity of whether individuals act out or stifle their reactive aggression will be maximized if (a) automatic and (b) controlled precursors of aggression are assessed and (c) situational boundaries in favor of acting out or restraining oneself are specified. In the present research we experimentally manipulated participants’ self-regulatory efforts in an ego depletion paradigm and subsequently measured reactive aggression in the Taylor Aggression Paradigm. Assessing automatic and controlled precursors of reactive aggression via an Implicit Association Test of Aggressiveness (Agg-IAT) and self-report reactive aggressiveness questionnaire, respectively, we demonstrated a theoretically expected double dissociation: Reactive aggression of ego depleted individuals was predicted by the implicit measure whereas non-depleted participants’ reactive aggression was predicted by their explicit self-reports. The results corroborate the usefulness of both explicit and implicit measures of aggressiveness and point to boundary conditions of these measures’ predictive validity.

Predictive Validity of IAT Aggressiveness in the Context of Provocation

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Richetin ◽  
Deborah South Richardson ◽  
Gregory D. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Explicit Measures

This study examines the extent to which implicit measures of aggressiveness predict actual aggressive behavior in response to provocation. Participants (n = 77) completed implicit measures of aggressiveness, were or were not exposed to insult from an experimenter, evaluated the performance of the experimenter (i.e., opportunity for aggressive behavior), and completed explicit measures of aggressiveness. Results showed that the implicit measure of aggressiveness significantly predicted aggressive behavior in response to provocation, whereas it was not predictive when there was no provocation. The discussion deals with the validity of implicit measures as predictors of aggressive behavior and their moderators.

Using Groups to Measure Intergroup Prejudice

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Cooley ◽  
B. Keith Payne
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Implicit measures of racial attitudes often assess reactions to images of individuals to infer attitudes toward an entire social category. However, an increasing amount of research indicates that responses to individuals are highly dependent on context and idiosyncratic features of individual exemplars. Thus, using images of individuals to assess beliefs about a whole social category may not be ideal. Across three time points, we predicted that using images of groups would mitigate the influence of idiosyncratic features of individual targets and, thus, provide a better measurement tool to assess beliefs about a category to which all group members belong. Results revealed that an implicit measure that presented images of Black and White groups had greater construct validity, test–retest reliability, and predictive validity as compared with an implicit measure that presented the same exemplars individually. We conclude that groups provide a window into existing beliefs about social categories.

Sense of agency for future-directed intentions: Intentional binding for intermediate outcomes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurabh Ranjan ◽  
Narayanan Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Tracking Control ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Intentional Binding ◽  
Intermediate Outcome ◽  
Intermediate Outcomes ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Initial Action

Intentions can be present-directed or future-directed. Given that previous studies have primarily focused on understanding present-directed intentions, we studied sense of agency (SoA) for future-directed intentions by focusing on intermediate action-outcome events. The intermediate outcome exactly predicted the final perceptual outcome. We hypothesized that if SoA is conceptualized as tracking control, then IB (an implicit measure of SoA) should be present even at intermediate stages i.e. between initial action and appearance of intermediate outcome, which was associated with the intended outcome. In addition, we hypothesized faster response times for those intermediate outcome events that predicted the intended outcome. We also manipulated the contingency between intended outcome and intermediate outcome. We found as hypothesized a main effect of intention on interval judgement and reaction time for the intermediate outcome. Durations were judged shorter (more IB) for the intermediate outcome that predicted the intended outcome. The results support accounts of SoA that emphasize tracking control and the presence of IB for intermediate outcomes can be explained through post-dictive mechanisms.

Stroop Interference as a Function of Percentage of Congruent Items

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1087-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Zajano ◽  
Anne Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Irrelevant Dimension ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Time Function ◽  
Response Time Function ◽  
Stroop Paradigm

Color-word interference in the traditional Stroop paradigm was investigated as a function of the percentages of congruent and incongruent items. Over-all color-naming times decreased with increasing percentages of congruent items. The response time function was significantly deviant from linearity, suggesting the existence of sources of interference other than just response competition. While the pattern of response times was consistent with the notion that effects of selective attention may be enhanced by inhibition of information from the irrelevant dimension of words, data for errors did not support a stronger test of the inhibition concept. Topics discussed include the insensitivity of measurements of error and relatedness to other recent Stroop experiments and theories.

scholarly journals Human vs Humanoid. A behavioral investigation of the individual tendency to adopt the intentional stance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Marchesi ◽  
Nicolas Spatola ◽  
Jairo Pérez-Osorio ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Intentional Stance ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
The Individual

Humans interpret and predict behavior of others with reference to mental states or, in other words, by means of adopting the intentional stance. How to measure the likelihood to adopt the Intentional Stance towards humanoid robots still remain to be addressed. The present study investigated to what extent individuals adopt the intentional stance in explaining the behavior of two agents (a humanoid robot and a human). The present paradigm required participants to judge mentalistic or mechanistic descriptions as fitting or not to the displayed behaviors. We were able to measure their acceptance/rejection rate (as an explicit measure) and their response time (as an implicit measure). In addition, we examined the relationship between adopting the intentional stance and anthropomorphism. Our results show that at the explicit level (acceptance/rejection of the descriptions), participants are more likely to use mentalistic (compared to mechanistic) descriptions to explain other humans’ behavior. Conversely, when it comes to a humanoid robot, they are more likely to choose mechanistic descriptions. Interestingly, at the implicit level (response times), while for the human agent we found faster response time for the mentalistic descriptions, we found no difference in response times associated with the robotic agent. Furthermore, cluster analysis on the individual differences in anthropomorphism revealed that participants with a high tendency to anthropomorphize tend to accept faster the mentalistic description. In the light of these results, we argue that, at the implicit level, both stances are comparable in terms of “the best fit” to explain the behavior of a humanoid robot. Moreover, we argue that the decisional process on which stance is best to adopt towards a humanoid robot is influenced by individual differences of the observers, such as the tendency to anthropomorphize non-human agents.

Nanostructure of semiconductor quantum dots in a borosilicate glass matrix by complementary use of HREM and AEM

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-729
Author(s):  
M.J. Kim ◽  
L.C. Liu ◽  
S.H. Risbud ◽  
R.W. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Borosilicate Glass ◽  
Glass Matrix ◽  
Optical Switching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Electron Hole ◽  
Spatial Dimensions

When the size of a semiconductor is reduced by an appropriate materials processing technique to a dimension less than about twice the radius of an exciton in the bulk crystal, the band like structure of the semiconductor gives way to discrete molecular orbital electronic states. Clusters of semiconductors in a size regime lower than 2R {where R is the exciton Bohr radius; e.g. 3 nm for CdS and 7.3 nm for CdTe) are called Quantum Dots (QD) because they confine optically excited electron- hole pairs (excitons) in all three spatial dimensions. Structures based on QD are of great interest because of fast response times and non-linearity in optical switching applications.In this paper we report the first HREM analysis of the size and structure of CdTe and CdS QD formed by precipitation from a modified borosilicate glass matrix. The glass melts were quenched by pouring on brass plates, and then annealed to relieve internal stresses. QD precipitate particles were formed during subsequent "striking" heat treatments above the glass crystallization temperature, which was determined by differential thermal analysis.

Compact and efficient gas diffusion electrodes based on nanoporous alumina membranes for microfuel cells and gas sensors

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda V. Fernandez ◽  
Rocío T. Tosello ◽  
José L. Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Hydrogen Oxidation ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Gas Diffusion Electrodes ◽  
Nanoporous Alumina ◽  
Alumina Membranes ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Microfuel Cells

Gas diffusion electrodes based on nanoporous alumina membranes electrocatalyze hydrogen oxidation at high diffusion-limiting current densities with fast response times.

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