scholarly journals Metaperception of personality in schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 204380871984091
Author(s):  
Amy E. Pinkham ◽  
Jonathon R. Shasteen ◽  
Robert A. Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
The Self ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Tracking Accuracy ◽  
Distinct Component ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
The Social

Individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) form less accurate mental representations of the self and others, which contributes to social dysfunction. It remains unclear, however, whether such deficits extend to metaperception (MP), the ability to understand how others view one’s own personality. In Phase 1 of this study, 30 individuals with SCZ and 30 healthy controls (HCs) had a videotaped conversation with an experimenter and then completed a Big Five trait questionnaire, with the goal of predicting how strangers who view their videos would rate them on the five personality traits. In Phase 2, separate participants watched the videos and rated targets’ personalities. These ratings served as “The Truth” to which Phase 1 MPs were compared for Tracking Accuracy (i.e., extent to which The Truth predicts MPs) and Directional Bias (i.e., extent to which MPs overestimate or underestimate the truth). Tracking Accuracy was weaker in SCZ than in HC for Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. Moreover, Tracking Accuracy and Directional Bias of MPs in SCZ were unrelated to mentalizing abilities and clinical insight. Our results suggest that the capacity to understand how others view one’s own personality is impaired in SCZ and may be a distinct component of the social cognitive system.

The Self

Brain-Mind ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 252-276
Author(s):  
Paul Thagard
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multiple Levels

The self is a complex of mechanisms at multiple levels that include the molecular and the social. Semantic pointers are crucial to the self with respect to various phenomena, including how one represents oneself to oneself and to others, as well as in how one evaluates oneself. Also explained are operations that the self does to itself in efforts to achieve short-term goals such as self-control and long-term goals such as self-fulfillment. Semantic pointer explanations of images, concepts, and other mental representations are important for understanding how selves accomplish their goals. Representations of the self via semantic pointers can recursively be bound into semantic pointers for beliefs, desires, and intentions. Discussion of the social mechanisms relevant to the self begins to connect neural and mental mechanisms with discussions of social sciences and professions.

scholarly journals An Intervention for the Transition From Pediatric or Adolescent to Adult-Oriented HIV Care: Protocol for the Development and Pilot Implementation of iTransition

10.2196/24565 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e24565
Author(s):  
Amanda E Tanner ◽  
Nadia Dowshen ◽  
Morgan M Philbin ◽  
Kelly L Rulison ◽  
Andres Camacho-Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Pilot Implementation ◽  
Youth Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Implementation Trial

Background In the United States, adolescents and young adults are disproportionately affected by HIV and have poorer HIV-related health outcomes than adults. Health care transition (HCT) from pediatric or adolescent to adult-oriented HIV care is associated with disruptions to youths’ care retention, medication adherence, and viral suppression. However, no evidence-based interventions exist to improve HCT outcomes for youth living with HIV. Objective There are 2 phases of this project. Phase 1 involves the iterative development and usability testing of a Social Cognitive Theory–based mobile health (mHealth) HIV HCT intervention (iTransition). In phase 2, we will conduct a pilot implementation trial to assess iTransition’s feasibility and acceptability and to establish preliminary efficacy among youth and provider participants. Methods The iterative phase 1 development process will involve in-person and virtual meetings and a design team comprising youth living with HIV and health care providers. The design team will both inform the content and provide feedback on the look, feel, and process of the iTransition intervention. In phase 2, we will recruit 100 transition-eligible youth across two clinical sites in Atlanta, Georgia, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to participate in the historical control group (n=50; data collection only) or the intervention group (n=50) in a pilot implementation trial. We will also recruit 28 provider participants across the pediatric or adolescent and adult clinics at the two sites. Data collection will include electronic medical chart abstraction for clinical outcomes as well as surveys and interviews related to demographic and behavioral characteristics; Social Cognitive Theory constructs; and intervention feasibility, acceptability, and use. Analyses will compare historical control and intervention groups in terms of HCT outcomes, including adult care linkage (primary), care retention, and viral suppression (secondary). Interview data will be analyzed using content analysis to understand the experience with use and acceptability. Results Phase 1 (development) of iTransition research activities began in November 2019 and is ongoing. The data collection for the phase 2 pilot implementation trial is expected to be completed in January 2023. Final results are anticipated in summer 2023. Conclusions The development and pilot implementation trial of the iTransition intervention will fill an important gap in understanding the role of mHealth interventions to support HCT outcomes for youth living with HIV. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/24565

Distributed Reinforcement during Delay to Large Reinforcement May Increase “Self-Control” in Rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1355-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Flora ◽  
Matthew D. Workman
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Group ◽  
Impulsive Choice ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Distributed Reinforcement

Two groups of rats were tested for self-control. In Exp. 1 all rats were impulsive. In Exp. 2, when subjects entered one goal box, the rats would receive 3 pellets immediately, the impulsive choice. When Standard Group rats entered the other goal box, they received 7 pellets after a delay of 10 sec., the self-control choice. When Distributed Group rats made a self-control choice in Phase 1 they received 1 pellet immediately, 3 after 3 sec., and 3 pellets 7 sec. later (10 sec. total); in Phase 2 they received 1 pellet immediately and 6 after 10 sec.; and in Phase 3 they received 7 pellets after a delay of 10 sec. Rats in the Distributed Group, but not rats in the Standard Group, tended to be self-controlled throughout the experiment.

scholarly journals Immigrants in Québec: Toward an Explanation of How Multiple and Potentially Conflictual Linguistic Identities Become Integrated

2008 ◽  
pp. 145-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Roxane de la Sablonnière
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
The Self ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Linguistic Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cognitive Principles

Abstract The aim of this paper is to apply a newly developed theoretical model to the understanding of how a new linguistic identity becomes integrated in immigrants’ self-concept. While intergroup theories have addressed the situational changes in social identities, the longer-term processes underlying developmental changes in identities and their integration within the self remain to be identified. Relying on developmental and social cognitive principles, we aim to explain the specific processes by which a new linguistic identity develops and becomes integrated within the self over time. We focus on the particular situation of new immigrants in Québec who need to integrate new linguistic identities (French, English). The social factors that facilitate versus impede these change processes and the consequences associated with the integration of a new linguistic identity are also discussed.

Introduction to Symposium on Constructing Self with Others

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Barone
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
The Self ◽  
Object Relations Theory ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Relational Schema ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Socially Constructed

The notion that the self is interpersonally embedded can be found throughout psychology's history. This article presents convergent work from different areas of contemporary psychology that supports and elaborates this notion. M. Baldwin's (1997) experimental work in social cognition demonstrates that self-evaluation varies with the relational schema that is activated. C. R. Snyder and R. L. Higgins (1997) present a social–cognitive personality theory of how people maintain their self theories to satisfy internal and external audiences. S. J. Blatt, J. S. Auerbach, and K. N. Levy's (1997) object-relations theory of the role of mental representations of self and others in psychopathology is supported by research that changes in these representations are associated with improvement in psychotherapy. J. Martin and J. Sugarman's (1997) social–cognitive theory of counseling and psychotherapy as conversational reconstructions of self theories also has research support and raises the issue of whether the self is agentic if socially constructed.

Using Self-Efficacy and Intention to Predict Exercise Compliance among Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Maddison ◽  
Harry Prapavessis
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Exercise Behavior ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Cognitive Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Cognitive Model

There were three aims to the present study: (a) to test a social cognitive model based on self-efficacy and intention in predicting compliance to exercise in a Phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program; (b) to examine temporal patterns of self-efficacy in an 18-week exercise CR program; and (c) to ascertain whether the social-cognitive variables act more as determinant or consequence of exercise behavior during the program. Forty-one participants (29 M, 12 F; mean age 63 ± 9 .81 yrs) with documented ischemic heart disease enrolled in an 18-week supervised walking-based Phase 2 CR exercise program. They completed scales assessing self-efficacy and intention at the beginning of the program (Time 1) and again at Weeks 7 (Time 2) and 13 (Time 3). Compliance behavior was assessed through daily attendance and exercise energy expenditure measures, via metabolic equivalents (ACSM Guidelines, 1995). Data provide general support for the social cognitive model. That is, positive and meaningful relationships were found among self-efficacy, intention, and objectively measured exercise behavior, explaining 16 to 59% of the variance. Results also showed that both task and barrier efficacy significantly improved during the early part of the exercise program and then leveled off during program termination. Finally, results suggest that social-cognitive variables act more as a determinant than a consequence of exercise behavior. The findings underscore the need for scale congruence between the measures of self-efficacy, intention, and objective measures of exercise behavior.

scholarly journals Development and validation of an educational booklet for postpartum health and well-being

Rev Rene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. e43824
Author(s):  
Eryjosy Marculino Guerreiro Barbosa ◽  
Sibele Lima da Costa Dantas ◽  
Dafne Paiva Rodrigues ◽  
Thereza Maria Magalhães Moreira ◽  
Maria Veraci Oliveira Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Self ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Methodological Research ◽  
Five Phases ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Health And Well Being

Objective: to develop and validate the content and appearance of an educational booklet for the self-care of puerperal women. Methods: methodological research, consisting of five phases. In Phase 1, an integrative review and focus group were carried out to select the content. In Phase 2, the illustrations were created. Phase 3 was the development of the first version of the material. In Phase 4, the content was validated by 26 specialists. In Phase 5, fifteen puerperal women validated the appearance of the second version of the booklet. Results: content and appearance validities obtained validity indexes of 0.80 and 0.96, respectively; and agreement percentage of 94.75% and 100.0%, respectively. Conclusion: adequate indexes of validation of the educational booklet for health and well-being in the postpartum period were obtained.

scholarly journals Struggle for life, struggle for love and recognition: the neglected self in social cognitive neuroscience

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Social Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
The Social ◽  
Parental Figures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

In the following article we present a view that social cognition and social neuroscience, as shaped by the current research paradigms, are not sufficient to improve our understanding of psychopathological phenomena. We hold that the self, self-awareness, and inter-subjectivity are integral to social perception and actions. In addition, we emphasize that the self and self-awareness are, by their very nature and function, involved over the entire lifespan with the way the individual is perceived in the social environment. Likewise, the modes of operation and identification of the self and self-awareness receive strong developmental contributions from social interactions with parental figures, siblings, peers, and significant others. These contributions are framed by a competitive and cooperative struggle for love and recognition. We suggest that in humans social cognitive neuroscience should be informed by a thoughtful appreciation of the equal significance of the struggle for "life" and that for love and recognition. In order to be better positioned to improve the research agenda and practice of clinical psychiatry, we propose that cognitive and social neurosciences explicitly incorporate in their models phenomena relative to the self, self-awareness, and inter-subjectivity.

Rationalization and internalization

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Léon Beauvois
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
Dissonance Reduction

After having been told they were free to accept or refuse, pupils aged 6–7 and 10–11 (tested individually) were led to agree to taste a soup that looked disgusting (phase 1: initial counter-motivational obligation). Before tasting the soup, they had to state what they thought about it. A week later, they were asked whether they wanted to try out some new needles that had supposedly been invented to make vaccinations less painful. Agreement or refusal to try was noted, along with the size of the needle chosen in case of agreement (phase 2: act generalization). The main findings included (1) a strong dissonance reduction effect in phase 1, especially for the younger children (rationalization), (2) a generalization effect in phase 2 (foot-in-the-door effect), and (3) a facilitatory effect on generalization of internal causal explanations about the initial agreement. The results are discussed in relation to the distinction between rationalization and internalization.

Providing Freshmen with a Good “Starting-Block”

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikaël De Clercq ◽  
Charlotte Michel ◽  
Sophie Remy ◽  
Benoît Galand
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Student Adjustment ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Study Task ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Belonging ◽  
Intention To Persist

Abstract. Grounded in social-psychological literature, this experimental study assessed the effects of two so-called “wise” interventions implemented in a student study program. The interventions took place during the very first week at university, a presumed pivotal phase of transition. A group of 375 freshmen in psychology were randomly assigned to three conditions: control, social belonging, and self-affirmation. Following the intervention, students in the social-belonging condition expressed less social apprehension, a higher social integration, and a stronger intention to persist one month later than the other participants. They also relied more on peers as a source of support when confronted with a study task. Students in the self-affirmation condition felt more self-affirmed at the end of the intervention but didn’t benefit from other lasting effects. The results suggest that some well-timed and well-targeted “wise” interventions could provide lasting positive consequences for student adjustment. The respective merits of social-belonging and self-affirmation interventions are also discussed.

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