scholarly journals Turning discontent into votes: Economic inequality and ethnic outbidding

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 205316802110678
Author(s):  
Ronald J McGauvran ◽  
Brandon M Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Extreme Position ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Ethnic Parties ◽  
Ethnic Tension

Ethnic outbidding, where parties adopt ever more extreme positions to capture electoral advantage, has become an increasingly common practice among ethnic parties. As economic issues have often served as a catalyst for ethnic tension, increasing levels of economic inequality should lead parties to adopt more extreme positions in an attempt to outbid one another. Furthermore, as their economic and ethnic platforms will appeal to the same ethnically defined constituency, ethnic outbidding should be more effective where inequality is high. Using a sample of over 150 ethnonational parties in Europe between 2011 and 2017, this paper finds that inequality is linked to increasing ideological extremism along a number of policy dimensions. Employing local-level voting data for Romania and Slovakia, we show that higher inequality makes adopting a more ideological extreme position a more successful electoral strategy, especially where economic issues are ethnically salient.

scholarly journals Who sees an hourglass? Assessing citizens’ perception of local economic inequality

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 205316801879397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Newman ◽  
Sono Shah ◽  
Erinn Lauterbach
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Residential Context ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

The scholarly literature is observing a slow but steady growth in research exploring the effects of subnational economic inequality on political attitudes and behavior. Germane to this work is the assumption that citizens are aware of the level of inequality in their local residential context. At present, however, the evidence in support of this assumption is mixed. This article attempts to offer the literature improved tests of citizens’ awareness of local inequality by addressing a key limitation in past work—the discordance between the geographic unit underlying measures of the independent and dependent variables. Analyzing two national surveys employing a measure of perceived inequality scaled to the local level, the results suggest that citizens are indeed aware of the level of income inequality in their local environment and that the link between objective and perceived local inequality is most pronounced among lower income citizens.

scholarly journals ETHNIC NPOs AS AN ORGANIZATIONAL FORM OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF MINORITIES IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-334
Author(s):  
N.V. Borisova ◽  
E.Yu. Minaeva ◽  
P.V. Panov ◽  
K.A. Sulimov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Ethnic Parties ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Ethnic Policy

Ethnic parties are conventionally considered as the main form of politicization of ethnicity, but in those countries where they are absent, the social and political activity of ethnic minorities is manifested in the form of non-governmental organizations - “ethnic NPOs”. In contemporary Russia, both the main areas of activity of ethnic NPOs and the normative and institutional infrastructure of their interaction with the authorities are strongly unified by the framework of the state ethnic policy. However, an in-depth study of several cases (the sample from municipal units of Ulyanovsk and Penza regions) allows us to conclude that the most important interactions on issues, which are significant for both NPOs and the authorities, are most often carried out outside the framework of the normative and institutional infrastructure, through other channels. As a result, actual interactions vary considerably. An important factor is the resource potential of the ethnic NPO, the share of an ethnic minority in the population, as well as the presence of a strong leader. In some cases, the format of localization of an ethnic group is of key importance: if a minority lives apart from others, the resource weakness of an NPO is compensated by the concentration of resources, and sometimes by the practice of combining statuses, when the leader of an ethnic NPO occupies an important political and administrative position at the local level. In other cases, human resources come to the fore. In general, it can be argued that ethnic NPOs to some extent compensate for the absence of ethnic parties. They do not demonstrate their own political ambitions, but they are able to promote the interests of ethnic minorities using the available channels and mechanisms of political representation.

Le seconde generazioni di fronte alla precarizzazione e all'etnicizzazione del lavoro in Francia

2009 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Laurence Roulleau-Berger
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Ethnic Stratification ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Transnational Trade ◽  
Different Sources

- This article examines the situation of immigrant young generations in France, with a specific focus on their process of insertion in the labour market. As it emerges from different sources, this process can be influenced both by ethnic forms of discrimination and by precarious employment. The biographical paths of the second generation testifies on one hand the fragmentation and the ethnic stratification of the labour market, while on the other economic issues are entrenched, with the multiplication of the spaces of transnational trade and its related factors. The main opportunities available for the second generation, at a local level, relate to trajectories of ethnic enclaves or ethnic niches and to the access to selected forms of employments, mainly as care-workers. However, some groups are able to start up ethnic transnational businesses. Consequently, against a background characterised by globalisation and uncertainty, only some individuals succeed in managing a process of globalized individualization. Keywords: Labour Market, Immigration in France, Second Generation, Discrimination.

Economic Issues in Cigarette and Alcohol Advertising

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Saffer
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
National Data ◽  
Alcohol Advertising ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Yearly Change ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Level ◽  
Intervening Factors ◽  
Contrast Studies

The effects of advertising on cigarette and alcohol consumption are controversial, and research on the subject has produced mixed results. An economic theory underlying the general relationship between advertising and consumption can help explain what type of data is needed to study this question. Studies that use national data on annual advertising expenditures measure advertising at a high level with little yearly change and are likely to find no effect on consumption. In contrast, studies that use local-level data measured over the course of a year find wide variation in the level of advertising and are likely to conclude that advertising increases consumption. To mitigate consumption increases, some countries and localities have tested advertising bans or counteradvertising campaigns. Studies of advertising bans show a decrease in consumption to some degree when intervening factors are controlled. Counteradvertising likewise is found to reduce consumption. Policymakers can choose from various combinations of advertising bans, counteradvertising, and advertising taxation to curb consumption.

News Media and Economic Inequality

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-212
Author(s):  
Andrea Grisold ◽  
Paschal Preston
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
News Media ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Country

Chapter 10 provides an overview and a summary reflection on the key findings from the authors’ distinctive, cross-country study of news media coverage of economic inequality, viewed through the lens of journalistic responses to Piketty’s high-profile book on this theme. It examines key findings arising from cross-country empirical research, linking them to broader discourses on economic, material, and discursive aspects of power, public policies, and political economy, as well as cultural research on news media. This chapter also briefly considers the contours of requisite reforms if the present dominance of elite discourses are to be ameliorated when it comes to inequality and other economic issues of wider public interest.

Inequality, survival to adulthood, and the growth drag of pollution

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-79
Author(s):  
Andreas Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Desired Family Size ◽  
Children’S Exposure ◽  
Number Of Births

Abstract We theoretically investigate the interrelationship between economic inequality and the exposure to pollutants during the course of economic development. Environmental pollution adversely affects children’s probability of surviving to adulthood, thereby reducing parental expenditures on children’s quality and increasing the number of births necessary to achieve a desired family size. Children’s exposure to environmental pollution is determined by economic inequality because wealthier households live in cleaner areas, which then shapes variations in the level of human capital per child. This is the key mechanism through which environmental conditions impose a growth drag on the economy. Our theory proposes explanations for: (i) the hump-shaped evolution of child mortality ratios between cleaner and more polluted areas during the course of economic development, and (ii) the observed positive correlation between inequality and the concentration of pollutants at the local level.

CONTROL OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN THE GEZIRA IRRIGATION SCHEME, SUDAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutamad Amin ◽  
Hwiada Abubaker
Keyword(s):  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Over Time

SummaryThis paper analyses the changing patterns of infection with Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan. Taking a historical perspective, it shows the way in which factors such as ecology, biology, social and economic variables and politics have shaped patterns of infection, and how different kinds of strategies have been developed to control schistosomal infection over time. Wider political and economic issues at both national and international levels have shaped these strategies, influencing the prevalence and intensity of schistosomal infection at a local level. By highlighting the inter-play between the above-mentioned factors, the article reflects on the wisdom of prioritizing community-directed mass drug administration for the control of schistosomiasis in Gezira and elsewhere. The review demonstrates that not all efforts to control schistosomiasis are sustainable. A comprehensive control strategy involving political commitment, community participation and socioeconomic development is important for sustainable control of schistosomal infection.

Economic Issues Are Moral Issues: The Moral Underpinnings of the Desire to Reduce Wealth Inequality

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Franks ◽  
Kyle C. Scherr
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
Relevant Factors

Economic inequality is a pervasive and growing source of social problems such as poor health, crime, psychological disorders, and lack of trust in others. U.S. citizens across the political spectrum both underperceive the extent of economic inequality and would prefer to live in a society with much less inequality than both exist in reality and in their subjective estimations. Across multiple studies, we examined the ability of “moral foundations” to predict people’s desire to reduce economic inequality (while also replicating research showing widespread desire for a more equal society). Moral foundations endorsements consistently predicted desire to reduce inequality even when controlling for other relevant factors (e.g., political orientation). In addition, requests for donations to an organization focused on reducing economic inequality were able to elicit more money when the requests largely appealed to the type of moral foundations endorsed by participants.

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of nailfold capillaries by capillaroscopy in healthy volunteers

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoerth ◽  
Kundi ◽  
Katzenschlager ◽  
Hirschl
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Connective Tissue Diseases ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Extreme Position ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Diffuse Loss ◽  
Density Results

Background: Nailfold capillaroscopy (NVC) is a diagnostic tool particularly useful in the differential diagnosis of rheumatic and connective tissue diseases. Although successfully applied since many years, little is known about prevalence and distribution of NVC changes in healthy individuals. Probands and methods: NVC was performed in 120 individuals (57 men and 63 women; age 18 to 70 years) randomly selected according to predefined age and sex strata. Diseases associated with NVC changes were excluded. The nailfolds of eight fingers were assessed according to standardized procedures. A scoring system was developed based on the distribution of the number of morphologically deviating capillaries, microhaemorrhages, and capillary density. Results: Only 18 individuals (15 %) had no deviation in morphology, haemorrhages, or capillary density on any finger. Overall 67 % had morphological changes, 48 % had microhaemorrhages, and 40 % of volunteers below 40 years of age and 18 % above age 40 had less than 8 capillaries/mm. Among morphological changes tortous (43 %), ramified (47 %), and bushy capillaries (27 %) were the most frequently altered capillary types. A semiquantitative scoring system was developed in such a way that a score above 1 indicates an extreme position (above the 90th percentile) in the distribution of scores among healthy individuals. Conclusions: Altered capillaries occur frequently among healthy individuals and should be interpreted as normal unless a suspicious increase in their frequency is determined by reference to the scoring system. Megacapillaries and diffuse loss of capillaries were not found and seem to be of specific diagnostic value.

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