CONTROL OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN THE GEZIRA IRRIGATION SCHEME, SUDAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutamad Amin ◽  
Hwiada Abubaker
Keyword(s):  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Over Time

SummaryThis paper analyses the changing patterns of infection with Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan. Taking a historical perspective, it shows the way in which factors such as ecology, biology, social and economic variables and politics have shaped patterns of infection, and how different kinds of strategies have been developed to control schistosomal infection over time. Wider political and economic issues at both national and international levels have shaped these strategies, influencing the prevalence and intensity of schistosomal infection at a local level. By highlighting the inter-play between the above-mentioned factors, the article reflects on the wisdom of prioritizing community-directed mass drug administration for the control of schistosomiasis in Gezira and elsewhere. The review demonstrates that not all efforts to control schistosomiasis are sustainable. A comprehensive control strategy involving political commitment, community participation and socioeconomic development is important for sustainable control of schistosomal infection.

STORYTELLING AND MEANING RECONSTRUCTION: A METAPHORICAL PERSPECTIVE

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
M L Mojapelo
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Meaning Reconstruction ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Storytelling consists of an interaction between a narrator and a listener, both of whom assign meaning to the story as a whole and its component parts. The meaning assigned to the narrative changes over time under the influence of the recipient‟s changing precepts and perceptions which seem to be simplistic in infancy and more nuanced with age. It becomes more philosophical in that themes touching on the more profound questions of human existence tend to become more prominently discernible as the subject moves into the more reflective or summative phases of his or her existence. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the metaphorical character of a story, as reflected in changing patterns of meaning assigned to the narrative in the course of the subjective receiver‟s passage through the various stages of life. This was done by analysing meaning, from a particular storytelling session, at different stages of a listener‟s personal development. Meaning starts as literal and evolves through re-interpretation to abstract and deeper levels towards application in real life.

scholarly journals Rebelling Against Time: Recreational Activism as Political Practice Among the Italian Precarious Youth

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 1519-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Milan
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Political Practice ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Italian Context

Hit by the economic and political crisis, young people in Italy face increased labor precarity and the disillusionment derived from the disappearance of the radical Left from the parliamentary arena. In the Italian context, economic hardship, the decrease of resources available for collective action, and the weakened mobilizing capacity that traditional mass organizations (such as trade unions and political parties) retained in the first decade of the 2000s brought about a general decline in intensity and visibility of street protests, leading to an apparent retreat of activism to the local level of action. Although the crisis had a negative impact on collective action, evidence reveals that more creative and less visible forms of societal and political commitment were adopted by young generations in these years. This article explores how the Italian youth in times of crisis engaged actively in alternative and unconventional forms of political commitment aimed at re-appropriating space, free time, and access to leisure, mainly by means of mutualistic practices. Based on data from qualitative semistructured interviews with key informants and activists, this article sheds light on recreational activism, adopted as a political practice by the Italian youth active in counter-cultural spaces, nowadays at the forefront of the struggle to oppose the commodification of free time and leisure.

Identity Politics and Refugee Policies in Kupang, Eastern Indonesia: A Politico-Historical Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Andrey Damaledo
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article assesses the implementation of Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning the Treatment of Refugees and how it relates to different kinds of bureaucratic labelling of refugees as it unfolds in Indonesia’s region of Kupang. From a politico-historical perspective, Kupang is a useful case-study for elucidating the policy implications of the labelling of refugees, as the region has been hosting different kinds of refugees due to its strategic geographical location that borders Australia and Timor-Leste. Drawing on my fieldwork in Kupang between October 2012 and October 2013, and my intermittent return to the region between January 2017 and February 2019, this article argues that labels for refugees evolve over time in response to the larger sociopolitical situation, but they are formed mostly to serve the interest of the host country rather than those of displaced people. Furthermore, while labelling displaced people as “refugees” has been effective in justifying funding and support, it can also lead to a manipulation of refugee status, and the marginalization and exclusion of refugees.

Social and Familial Childrearing: An Examination of Daycare and the Modern Family

1983 ◽  
Vol 165 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-397
Author(s):  
Carol S. Klass
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
National Policy ◽  
American Family ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
Changing Patterns

American families' need for out-of-home childcare increases at an accelerated rate each year; yet our society lacks a policy for—and even a national commitment to—high-quality daycare. Such a national policy needs to be formulated within an examination of the tensions between social and familial childrearing. This essay explores these contextual issues from a historical perspective. The essay discusses: first, changes in the family as they relate to changes in the economy and polity; second, the role of the family as the basis for the young child's self-identity and internalization of society's values and practices; and third, the potential implications of changing patterns of the structure and functioning of the American family. Finally, the essay examines historical and current daycare policy and practice in relation to the family and the broader social structure.

scholarly journals Service Tatars in the Diplomatic Service of the Muscovite State: The Baymakov-Rezanov Family

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Belyakov
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Classic Model ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time

Very little is known about diplomatic professionals specialising in eastern affairs in the Muscovite state until the seventeenth century. The issue has only occasionally been touched upon in some research works. This is explained by the limited number of surviving sources. For this reason, the Baymakov-Rezanov family is unique, as the extant data make it possible to trace the uninterrupted service of this clan’s representatives over the course of a century. This is thanks to cadastres and embassy records from both sides, a few extant documents from the Ambassadorial Prikaz, and the family’s persistent nickname. Ambassadorial service was a family business where traditions were passed from generation to generation, from elder sons to younger ones. Several generations of Baymakov-Rezanovs took part in organising the diplomatic contacts of the Muscovite state with Muslim countries as reconnaissance riders (Rus. stanichniki) and interpreters (Rus. tolmachi). They repeatedly headed diplomatic missions and were very well paid for their work. The examination of their family’s story makes it possible to observe the organisation of diplomatic service from a longer historical perspective. Initially, the technical side of contacts with the countries of the east was organised by princely Tartars, who served the grand prince proper. They were provided with land close to Moscow. Gradually, they started forming smaller groups of specialists, such as translators (Rus. bakshei), tolmachi, stanichniki, and the newly baptised (Rus. novokrescheny). This structure was largely destroyed by the Time of Troubles. This affected the circle of people recruited to the service; it grew considerably and was quite often created in accordance with the demands of the moment. Over time, it was predominated by service Tartars from Meshchera. The classic model of the peripheral staff of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, consisting of translators and tolmachi, only formed in the mid-seventeenth century as inherited positions dwindled significantly.

scholarly journals A Deterministic Analysis of the Effectiveness of Non-Clinical Approaches in the Control of Transimission of Schistosomiasis: Case Study of Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Jane N. Murungi ◽  
Stephen Karanja ◽  
Paul Wanjau
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Deterministic Analysis ◽  
Media Campaigns

Schistosomiasis commonly known as bilharzia is regarded by W.H.O as a neglected tropical disease. It affects the intestines and the urinary system preferentially, but can harm other systems in the body. The disease is a health concern among majority of the population in Mwea irrigation scheme in Kenya and indeed other tropical countries. This paper documents a deterministic analysis of the effectiveness of non-clinical approaches in the control of transmission of schistosomiasis in the region. A SIR based mathematical model that incorporates media campaigns as a control strategy of reducing transmission of the disease is used. The model considers behavior patterns of hosts as the main process of transmission of the disease. The dynamics of these processes is expressed in terms of ordinary differential equations deduced from the human behavior patterns that contribute to the spread of the disease. The reproduction number R0 and equilibrium points both DFE and EE are obtained. The stabilities of these equilibrium points are analyzed in reference to the reproduction number (R0). Secondary data is used in the mathematical model developed and in the prediction of the dynamics estimated in the model for a period of five years. Numerical simulation was carried out and results represented graphically. The results of the simulation show that the infection decreased from 75108 to about 35000 and the susceptible from 325142 to 50000 respectively in a period of five years. From the analysis, the DFE point is asymptotically stable when R_0<1.Sensitivity analysis of parameters was carried out using partial differentiation. The results show that the sensitivity index of most parameters are inversely proportional to R0 which will reduce schistosomiasis infection. From the results, incorporation of media campaigns as a control strategy significantly reduces transmission of the disease. The results will be useful to MOH to enhance media campaigns to prevent spread of schistosomiasis in Mwea Irrigation scheme and other endemic areas.

scholarly journals The Concept of “Internal Colonization” and Its Application in a Comparative Analysis of (Post)Soviet States

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-94
Author(s):  
Rasa Čepaitienė
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Political System ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal Colonization

This article discusses a direction of sociocultural studies – the cultural history of natural resources – and the possibilities of its application in examining the causes of inequality and social exclusion in post-Soviet Lithuania. This theoretical-methodological approach assumes a strong interdependence shared between the extraction of natural resources, a state’s political system and institutions as well as certain sociocultural provisions. In exploring the concept of “internal colonization,” developed by historian of culture Alexander Etkind and other authors, this article sets guidelines for a comparative analysis of the sociopolitical structure of post-Soviet countries (especially Russia and Lithuania). Some initial hypotheses regarding the trends, differences, and similarities of post-Soviet societies in the long historical perspective, from the 16th century up to our time, are presented for further analysis. This article concludes that this methodological approach could be sufficiently promising in explaining the specifics of the socioeconomic development of independent Lithuania, in particular by applying the hypothesis of a “secondary internal colonization,” which has been raised during the course of the investigation.

scholarly journals A Historical Perspective of Mangalavattiyam

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Suganya Aravinthon
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Vocal Music ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Solo Music ◽  
Musical Genres ◽  
Over Time

From the earliest days of the Tamil music tradition, music was considered to be a combination of vocal music, instrumental music and dance. Each of these musical genres is closely intertwined. Knowledge of one helps to know about the other. Instrumental music has been interpreted as accompaniment to solo music and dance and as a solo specialty. In Bharata's book 'Natyashasthram', musical instruments are generally divided into four categories as nerve (tata) hole (kasira) ¸ skin (avanatta) ¸ kana (kanja). In this context, it is a research paper on the history and use of the Nagaswaram and thavil instruments, which are referred to today as the Mangala Vaathyam, which the Tamils ​​have merged with their culture.  This article also examines in detail the ideological changes that have taken place over time in the use of these two musical instruments. At the same time, the use of these instruments in the sociological context is taken into account. Finally, this article is a historical study of the lineage of musicians who have mastered these instruments.

scholarly journals Strengthening Cybersecurity in Singapore

2019 ◽  
pp. 96-128
Author(s):  
Ching Yuen Luk
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Cooperative Approach ◽  
Development Trajectory ◽  
The Government ◽  
Over Time

This chapter uses a historical perspective to examine the development trajectory of e-government in Singapore, the trends and patterns of cybercrimes and cyber-attacks, and the measures taken by the government to combat cybercrimes and cyber-attacks. It shows that the government has adopted a proactive, holistic, and cooperative approach to cybersecurity in order to tackle the ever-increasing cybersecurity challenges. It has regularly reviewed and improved cybersecurity measures to ensure their effectiveness and strengthened its defense capabilities over time through coordinating national efforts with public and private sectors and cooperating with regional and international counterparts. The chase for a perfect cybersecurity system or strategy is both impossible and unnecessary. However, it is important and necessary to establish a cybersecurity system or formulate a cybersecurity strategy that can monitor, detect, respond to, recover from, and prevent cyber-attacks in a timely manner, and make the nation stronger, safer, and more secure.

Raptor Prey Remains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Drewitt
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
Prey Remains ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Prey Populations

Are you curious about the remains of an animal you have found? This compilation of the most likely found body parts of animals eaten by raptors will help you identify your discovery. Including over 100 species of bird and mammal prey of raptors such as sparrowhawks, peregrines and hen harriers, this photographic guide highlights the common feathers, fur and other body parts found at raptor nests, roosts, plucking posts and other opportunistic spots. Discovering what raptors eat is an important part of confirming their feeding ecology and how this might change over time, vary on a local level or in response to changing prey populations, as well as dispelling myths and assumptions about what certain raptor species eat. Diet studies are vital for the conservation of raptor species; the more we know about what they need for survival the more we can predict and plan long-term for the protection and survival of raptors that may be vulnerable and in decline. This is the first book to show in detail the actual parts of a bird, mammal or other animal that you are likely to find in a garden, woodland or beneath a raptor roost. As more people take an interest in raptors and watch species such as peregrines via webcams and through watch groups, there is greater opportunity for finding prey remains. This book provides the first and most important step in identifying a prey species.

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