Part II: Reformers in Medical Education and Practice

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A Entin
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Care Society ◽  
Analytical Quality ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
John Hunter ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historical Article

Background Part I was published in Can J Plast Surg 2000;8(1):25–29. It established that standards of professional practice shift constantly. When a standard falls short of professional expectation or when a physician becomes more concerned with financial gain rather than patient care, society needs the action of a reformer. Part II continues the study and begins with the contribution of reformer John Hunter (1728–1793), and follows with the contributions of seven other reformers, concluding with Wilder Penfield (1891–1976). Study Design The reformers were physicians and scientists who were selected throughout the history of medicine: they conformed to our definition of reformers, namely, a person whose action changed the structure or ideology of medical practice. Results The present historical article shows that reforms are produced by people possessing critical judgement and analytical quality who influenced the direction of medical practice. Conclusion Reforms have been achieved through intuitive leaps, alterations of conventional practice, painstaking research or administrative restructuring.

Reformers in Medical Education and Practice

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A Entin
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Care Society ◽  
Analytical Quality ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Background The standards of professional practice are constantly shifting to keep pace with acquired knowledge. When the standards fell short of professional expectations, when the practising physician became more concerned with financial gain than effective patient care, society needed a reformer to evaluate the process and to improve it. Study Design Individual physicians and scientists were selected from throughout the history of medicine until the end of the 18th century, who conformed to our definition of reformers, namely, a person who changed the structure or ideology of medical practice. Results This survey demonstrates that reforms are produced by persons whose minds possess analytical quality and critical judgment. Reformers have influenced the directions of medical practice and teaching. Conclusion The improvement in medical practice has been achieved through intuitive leaps, rejection of conventional practice, painstaking research or administrative restructuring.

Part III: Reformers in medical education and practice

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Martin A Entin
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Care Society ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
John Hunter ◽  
Definition Of

Background Part I (Can J Plast Surg 2000;8:25–29) established that standards of professional practice shift constantly. When a standard falls short of professional expectation, or when a physician becomes more concerned with financial gain than patient care, society needs the action of a reformer. Part II (Can J Plast Surg 2001;9:59–68) continued the study with the contribution of reformer John Hunter (1728–1793), followed with the contributions of seven other reformers, and concluded with Wilder Penfield (1891–1976). Part III extends this project through the greater part of the 20th century. Study Design Reformers were scientists who were selected because they conformed to the definition of ‘reformer’; namely, a person whose action restored, reshaped or changed the structure or ideology of medical practice. Results This survey demonstrated that the reforms were accomplished by scientists who possessed critical judgement and analytical qualities that enabled them to influence the direction of medical education and practice. Conclusion Reforms have been achieved through intuitive leaps, alterations of conventional practice, painstaking research and administrative restructuring.

Why paleomedicine is useful for medical education

2020 ◽  
pp. postgradmedj-2020-137804
Author(s):  
Philippe Charlier ◽  
Simon Donnell ◽  
Donatella Lippi ◽  
Andreas Nerlich ◽  
Victor Asensi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
History Of Medicine ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Continuing Medical Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disciplinary Field ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biomedical Publications

What is the place of medico-historical cases in the professional practice of the disciplinary field of medicine and biology? How can these patients from the past be used for teaching and continuing medical education? How to justify their place in biomedical publications? In this article, we explain all the legitimacy of paleomedicine, and the need to intensify such research in the form of a well-individualised branch of paleopathology and the history of medicine.

The ‘reasonable patient’ of 2025 envisioned (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Dowie ◽  
Mette Kjer Kaltoft
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Integrated Care ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Uk Supreme Court ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Made In

UNSTRUCTURED . The verdict of the UK Supreme court in the case of Bellman versus Boojum-Snark Integrated Care Trust (2025) will have profound implications for all medical practice, medical education and medical research, as well as the regulation of medicine and allied healthcare fields. Major changes will result from the judgment made in favour of Bellman’s negligence claim, reflecting an expanded and more precise definition of informed and preference-based consent, compared with that in Montgomery (2015) and also with the principles laid out in the UK GMC guidance on Decision Making and Consent (2020). (In case of doubt, this is a vision paper.)

scholarly journals Genealogies of affect among a young veterinarian's public letter : an exploratory study of hidden curricula in a college of veterinary medicine

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Tamara S. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Professional Socialization ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Veterinary Students ◽  
Social Entity ◽  
History Of ◽  
As Effects ◽  
Hidden Curricula

Contemporary research in veterinary medical education indicates alarming rates of depression and anxiety among veterinary students. Yet, the focus of this scholarship is primarily on mental illness as effects of a social and relational process, rather than interrogating the affectual nature of the process. Medical education has a long history of interrogating various facets of socialization as largely embedded in the hidden curricula--the tacit culture of a social entity, and repository for values and norms of conduct. Unfortunately, scant scholarship explores the hidden curricula of veterinary medicine. Recently, an anonymous letter signed Young Veterinarian was published on a public website, and opened an electronic dialogue regarding the nature of affects imbedded in professional socialization. Many themes of the letter referred to issues imbedded in the literature. This study followed this online dialogue, and initiated one in a College of Veterinary Medicine. Centering this letter, object-focused interviews were conducted to explore how members of this community are affected by the anonymous letter. Analytical insights suggest three broad areas of affects related to the hidden curricula: Onto-epistemic tensions; affective neutrality; and freedom, debt, and hopelessness. Implications for research and professional practice/curricula are discussed and deliberated.

O Estudo da Morte e dos Cuidados Paliativos: Ausências no Currículo de Medicina./ The Study of Death and Palliative Care: Curriculum in the Absence of Medicine.

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-86
Author(s):  
Maria das Graças Mota Cruz de Assis Figueiredo ◽  
Rita de Cassia M. T. Stano
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Family ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
History Of ◽  
Education In Brazil ◽  
De Medicina

O presente artigo acompanha a história da formação médica no Brasil e levanta algumas das origens do cenário atual da prática da medicina no país, considerada como bastante resolutiva na busca da cura do corpo, mas despreparada para a abordagem do sofrimento global que acompanha o processo de adoecimento e da morte. As autoras enfatizam a necessidade de reavaliação crítica dos currículos das escolas de formação médica, buscando-se aliar à excelência técnica da prática profissional, valores como o cuidado integral ao doente por detrás da doença, e a atenção às necessidades deste e da família quando se avizinha a morte. Com base na sua experiência no ensino da Disciplina de Tanatologia e Cuidados Paliativos em duas Faculdades de Medicina, o artigo aponta como um dos caminhos para a construção de uma nova base curricular, mais responsivo à necessidade de profissionais e doentes, o ensino desta Disciplina nas diversas escolas médicas do país.  Palavras-chave: Tanatologia, Cuidados Paliativos, Currículo.       ABSTRACT This article outlines the history of medical education in Brazil and raises some of the origins of the current scenario of medical practice in the country, considered as quite resolute in the pursuit of healing the body, but unprepared for addressing global suffering that accompanies the process of illness and death. The author emphasizes the need for critical reappraisal of curricula of medical education, seeking to combine technical excellence in professional practice, values ​​as comprehensive care for the patient behind the disease, and attention to the needs of the family and when approaching death. Based on his experience in teaching discipline Thanatology and Palliative Care in two medical schools, the article points out how one of the ways to build a new base curriculum more responsive to the needs of professionals and patients, the teaching of this discipline in several medical schools in the country.  Keywords: Thanatology, Palliative Care, Curriculum.   

Prognosis in healthcare

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Peter Croft ◽  
Richard D Riley ◽  
Karel GM Moons
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Treatment Decisions ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Central Place ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prognosis Research ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Effective Treatments

Predicting what might happen in the future to individuals, based on experience and available information, has always been a prominent part of medical practice and healthcare. This chapter describes the history of prognosis in healthcare. Prognosis had a central place in medical practice in times before scientific diagnosis and effective treatments, and predicting the likely course of an individual’s illness from experience and observation was a valued quality. As the science of diagnosis developed, prognosis lost its importance in medical education and practice. With the advent of effective treatments and with rapid acceleration of access to data—from genetics to physiology, psychology to social status—to inform outcome prediction in sick people and guide treatment decisions, prognosis is again at the centre of healthcare. Modern prognosis research provides an evidence base for prediction in practice.

Policy Making in Medical Schools

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
American Health Care System ◽  
American Health Care ◽  
History Of

Medical schools today are being closely scrutinized. Questions have been raised about their educational policies, the activities of their faculty members, and the quality of care provided in their clinical facilities. The concern is due in part to the activities of the medical schools themselves, in part to their accountability for use of government funds, and in part to changes in the American health care system. It is thus appropriate to examine the history of American medical schools to understand how the central issues in medical education have changed and how medical schools have responded to the changes. In this study, medical schools in each period have been placed in the context of that period. Their educational policies have been analyzed in terms of the state of medical practice of the time. Their educational standards have been compared to those of other institutions of higher education. This chapter will develop a framework for the analysis by examining the major issues and groups involved in medical education. The casual reader may wish to know that this framework is not essential for understanding the historical narrative, and that each part of the narrative can be read independently. Because medical education is designed to prepare students for employment as physicians after graduation, a fundamental pedagogical issue concerns how to balance the need to teach students the basic concepts of medical science with the need to train them in the practical skills needed to practice medicine. This becomes particularly difficult when the two bodies of knowledge are as intellectually demanding and as different as they are in medicine. The science and practice of medicine, in their broadest sense, are concerned with the structure and functions of the human organism in health and disease, the causes of change from one to the other, the prevention of disease, and the means of restoring health when disease occurs. Medical science is concerned primarily with the first two of these, medical practice with the last three. Medical practice also involves a social and economic relationship between a patient and a physician. The patient agrees to compensate the physician, either directly or through a third party.

Person-Centeredness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Donald Boudreau ◽  
Eric J. Cassell ◽  
Abraham Fuks
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Patient Centeredness ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Clinicopathologic Correlation ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
Definition Of

The historical roots of the term patient-centeredness are presented. The point is made that, although the term possesses considerable rhetorical power, in reality many institutions that wave the banner of patient-centeredness remain resolutely disease focused. This has been the case since the early nineteenth century, when clinicopathologic correlation became an imperative of medical practice. That the doctor’s primary mandate is to ferret out disease remains a tenacious precept in contemporary medical practice as well as in medical education. This chapter argues that a medicine anchored in a new and bold definition of sickness, one with a laser-sharp focus on a person’s functioning, necessarily opens many avenues for a practice centered on the person.

Aneurysms in the history of medicine

VASA ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bollinger ◽  
Rüttimann
Keyword(s):  
History Of Medicine ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Thomas Mann ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
John Hunter ◽  
History Of

Die Geschichte des sackförmigen oder fusiformen Aneurysmas reicht in die Zeit der alten Ägypter, Byzantiner und Griechen zurück. Vesal 1557 und Harvey 1628 führten den Begriff in die moderne Medizin ein, indem sie bei je einem Patienten einen pulsierenden Tumor intra vitam feststellten und post mortem verifizierten. Weitere Eckpfeiler bildeten die Monographien von Lancisi und Scarpa im 18. bzw. beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert. Die erste wirksame Therapie bestand in der Kompression des Aneurysmasacks von außen, die zweite in der Arterienligatur, der John Hunter 1785 zum Durchbruch verhalf. Endoaneurysmoraphie (Matas) und Umhüllung mit Folien wurden breit angewendet, bevor Ultraschalldiagnostik und Bypass-Chirurgie Routineverfahren wurden und die Prognose dramatisch verbesserten. Die diagnostischen und therapeutischen Probleme in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts werden anhand von zwei prominenten Patienten dargestellt, Albert Einstein und Thomas Mann, die beide im Jahr 1955 an einer Aneurysmaruptur verstarben.

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