scholarly journals Utility of dynamic ultrasound in the assessment of patellar instability (158)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0028
Author(s):  
Rohan Bhimani ◽  
Soheil Ashkani ◽  
Karina Mirochnik ◽  
Bart Lubberts ◽  
Christopher DiGiovanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Patellar Instability ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
P Value ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Intact State ◽  
Patellar Position ◽  
Dynamic Ultrasound

Objectives: Few imaging modalities currently exist that allow for dynamic assessment of the patellofemoral joint. Dynamic evaluation of patellar instability is typically based on physical examination using the Glide test to assess and quantify lateral patellar translation. However, this method can be limited for inexperienced examiners, and precise quantification with this method remains difficult. Therefore, this study aimed to utilize ultrasound imaging to quantify patellar position and translation under dynamic loading conditions to compare knees with and without injury to the medial soft tissue restraints. Methods: 10 fresh frozen, unpaired cadaveric knee specimens underwent assessment of lateral patellar translation using a portable ultrasound device. The probe was positioned 1cm above the medial joint line, and measurements were performed based on the distance between the articular edge of the medial patellar facet and the most prominent edge of the medial trochlear facet. Using an electronic force gauge, two standardized loading conditions were created: (1) Unloaded (0N of force), and (2) loaded with 20N of laterally directed force on the patella to mimic the Glide test. Patellar translation in the lateral direction was assessed from 0-40 degrees of knee flexion at 10 degree increments using a hand held goniometer. Measurements were performed in intact knees and were repeated after arthroscopic transection of the medial soft tissue restraints (both medial patellofemoral ligament [MPFL] and medial quadriceps tendon-femoral ligament [MQTFL]). All measurements were performed using Image J. Paired t-test was used to compare the findings of the intact vs injured states. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative, and positive predictive value for the injury state were determined based on the values from the intact state +2 standard deviations (SD). P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Compared with the intact state, significant increases in lateralized patellar position and translation were observed when the MPFL and MQTFL were transected, at all flexion angles between 0 and 40 degrees ( p values ranging from .005 to <.001). Results are listed in Table 1. The greatest difference was noted with a laterally directed force of 20N at 20 degrees knee flexion, where a 32.8% (6mm) increase in lateral translation was observed in the injured state, when compared to the intact state. Based on 2 SD from normal values at 20 and 30 degrees, the optimal cutoff point to identify MPFL/MQTFL injury was 17.5 mm of distance from the medial trochlea to the medial patellar facet (sensitivity 95.1%; specificity 86.7%; accuracy 90%). Conclusions: Under dynamic ultrasonographic assessment, the integrity of the medial patellar restraints can be effectively evaluated based on measurements of patellar position and translation, with patellar position >17.5mm from the medial trochlea at 20 and 30 degrees knee flexion indicating the presence of injury. As dynamic ultrasound can be performed without radiation or invasive testing in multiple clinical settings, further studies are recommended to assess the utility of ultrasound based assessments in the evaluation and management of patellar instability.

The Role of Dynamic Ultrasound in the Assessment of the Pathological Changes of Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Joints

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Yousif Ishag Abdelhafiz ◽  
Khalid Ahmed Mohammed Ali ◽  
Safaa Kamal Mohammed Badraldeen
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Patient Comfort ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diagnostic Modality ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Dynamic Ultrasound

Abstract Background Sonography is a useful imaging tool for the examination of musculoskeletal pathology. There are many advantages to this technique, including easy accessibility, low cost, comparison with the asymptomatic limb, and patient comfort. Unlike other available modalities, dynamic assessment is readily performed using sonography. Furthermore, the use of Doppler technique allows assessment of vascularity, inflammation, and anatomical relationships of the structure in question to adjacent vessels. Aim of Study This study investigates the value of dynamic ultrasound in the evaluation of AC and SC joints abnormality in comparison with the asymptomatic limb. Patients & Methods This prospective study included fifty cases, thirty patients were clinically positive for shoulder pain. Twenty healthy persons examined as control group. The patients were referred from Rheumatology and Immunology Department of Ain Shams University.US evaluation was performed at the Radiology Department of Ain –Shams University Hospital in period from January to June2018, to characterizing the AC and SC joints, their pathogenesis and sequelae. Dynamic US examination was also performed in all the cases. Results This study included 30 patients. The most common presenting symptoms in the primary care were shoulder pain which present in all 30 patients. Appropriate history and physical examination coupled with correct radiographs usually lead to an accurate diagnosis, we add that dynamic US which served a role in directing the management plan in 18 patients, this further confirmed with a positive clinical examination, in contrast to the other 12 patients for whom there was negative clinical findings. Conclusion High-resolution US technology, coupled with good anatomical knowledge and proper technique, has become valuable in the assessment of ACJ pathology as can be a useful initial diagnostic modality in SCJ osteoarthritis. Using US as a first line investigative tool can eliminate the need for further more expensive investigation like CT/ MRI and serve as a guide for further imaging and management.

scholarly journals Diagnosing Syndesmotic Instability with Dynamic Ultrasound: Establishing Natural Variations in Normal Motion

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011419S0019
Author(s):  
Noortje Hagemeijer ◽  
Song Ho Chang ◽  
Jirawat Saengsin ◽  
Gregory Waryasz ◽  
Gino Kerkhoffs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prone Position ◽  
Applied Stress ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Force Application ◽  
Dynamic Ultrasound ◽  
Left And Right

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Syndesmotic instability, when subtle, is challenging to diagnose and often requires visualization of the syndesmosis during applied stress. Ultrasound is a dynamic, non-invasive diagnostic tool that can achieve this at the point of care, although accurate assessment requires better understanding of normal physiologic motion. The aim of this study is to assess normal distal tibiofibular motion in the sagittal plane using ultrasound during applied stress. Methods: Patients with no history of injury to either ankle were included in this study. The distal tibiofibular joint was examined using an ultrasound probe placed anteriorly with the patient in supine position and posteriorly with the patient in prone position. Sagittal fibular translation was simulated by applying an increasing manual force to the fibula in the sagittal plane: 1) in the supine position, anterior to posterior (SAP), 2) in the prone position, posterior to anterior (PPA), and 3) in the prone position, anterior to posterior (PAP) (Figure 1). The relative position of the fibula and tibia were subsequently measured without force application and then at maximum force application, defined as the end point at which increased force did not result in additional fibular translation. Fibular displacement in cm was thereafter calculated. A linear mixed effect model was built for analysis, wherein subject, examiner, experiment and side were random factors. Results: A total of 34 ankles were included. Mean age was 25.0±5 years and 71% were male. After adjusting for gender and side, the model showed that the application of force led to fibular motion in the sagittal plane for each measurement technique. SAP, coef. 0.06 [0.06-0.07], p-value < 0.001. PPA, coef. 0.04 [0.03-0.05], p-value < 0.001. PAP, coef. -0.16 [-0.17- -0.15], p-value < 0.001. The model also showed similar fibular motion values for left and right measurements, SAP p-value 0.589, PPA p-value 0.236, PAP p-value 0.104. Fibular movement values also were not influenced by gender, SAP p-value 0.348, PPA p-value 0.613, PAP p-value 0.714. Conclusion: Alterations of syndesmotic motion in the sagittal plane can be successfully identified using dynamic ultrasound under stressed conditions. On average, 0.6 mm of A to P translation and 0.4 mm of P to A translation were found. Equivalent translation values between the left and right side in each patient underscores that, in the injured setting, the contralateral ankle may be used as a reliable control. This establishes a normal value for ultrasound examination of the syndesmosis, allowing future studies examining the injured state.

Static Versus Dynamic Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for Detection of Plantar Plate Pathology

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Feuerstein ◽  
Lowell Weil ◽  
Lowell Scott Weil ◽  
Erin E. Klein ◽  
Adam Fleischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Negative Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound ◽  
Plantar Plate ◽  
Dynamic Ultrasound ◽  
Static Versus Dynamic ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Metatarsophalangeal Joints

Musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) is a common modality used to examine plantar plate pathology. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of static versus dynamic ultrasound has not been previously published. The objective of this study was to prospectively compare the value of using preoperative static and dynamic ultrasound findings to diagnose plantar plate pathology using intraoperative inspection as the standard of reference. Patients attending a single foot and ankle specialty clinic from August 2012 to June 2013 with clinically suspected plantar plate pathology that was unresponsive to conservative care served as the study population. Static and dynamic ultrasound exams were performed by a single experienced rater and compared to intraoperative findings. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were determined for static and dynamic ultrasound exams. Thirty-six patients (45 lesser metatarsophalangeal joints) were included in this analysis. Of the 36 patients, 29 were females and 7 were males with average age of 57.9 ± 7.8 years (range, 38-73). There were 38 plantar plate tears (84.4%) noted on intraoperative examination. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the static US exam were 80.0%, 81.6%, 71.4%, 93.9%, and 41.7%, respectively. The same values for the dynamic US exam were 88.9%, 100%, 28.6%, 88.3%, and 100%, respectively. Static and dynamic ultrasound techniques are each highly sensitive methods for assessing plantar plate pathology. However, the sensitivity and accuracy of the exam is best when dynamic assessment of the plantar plate is employed. Caution should be used when relying solely on static images to diagnose subtle injuries in this area of the foot. Levels of Evidence: Diagnostic Level II, Prospective

scholarly journals Development of a Prediction Model for Short-Term Success of Functional Treatment of Class II Malocclusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4473
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Cretella Lombardo ◽  
Lorenzo Franchi ◽  
Giorgio Gastaldi ◽  
Veronica Giuntini ◽  
Roberta Lione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
P Value ◽  
Functional Therapy ◽  
Twin Block ◽  
Predictive Variables ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Patient Responsiveness ◽  
Forward Stepwise

(1) Background: The nature of the changes that contribute to Class II correction with functional appliances is still controversial. A broad variation in treatment responses has been reported. The purpose of this study was to find cephalometric predictors for individual patient responsiveness to twin-block treatment in patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion; (2) Methods: The study was performed on a sample of 39 pubertal patients (21 females, 18 males) treated with the twin block appliance. Lateral cephalograms were available at the start of the treatment (T1) and at the end of functional therapy (T2). The outcome variable was the T2–T1 change in the sagittal position of the soft tissue pogonion with respect to the vertical line perpendicular to the Frankfort plane and passing through point subnasale. The predictive variables were age, gender at T1, and all the cephalometric parameters measured T1. Forward stepwise linear regression with p value to enter 0.05 and p value to leave 0.10 was applied; (3) Results: The only significant predictive variable that was selected was the Co–Go–Me angle (p = 0.000); (4) Conclusions: A greater advancement of the soft tissue chin on the profile is expected with smaller pretreatment values of Co–Go–Me angle.

Comparison of Patellofemoral Kinematics and Stability After Medial Patellofemoral Ligament and Medial Quadriceps Tendon–Femoral Ligament Reconstruction

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 2252-2259
Author(s):  
Robert Spang ◽  
Jonathan Egan ◽  
Philip Hanna ◽  
Aron Lechtig ◽  
Daniel Haber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament ◽  
Quadriceps Tendon ◽  
Mpfl Reconstruction ◽  
Fixation Method ◽  
Full Extension ◽  
Lateral Translation ◽  
Patellar Position ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Contact Pressures

Background: There is a lack of evidence regarding the optimum extensor-sided fixation method for medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction. There is increased interest in avoiding patellar drilling via soft tissue–only fixation to the distal quadriceps, thus reconstructing the medial quadriceps tendon–femoral ligament (MQTFL). The biomechanical implications of differing extensor-sided fixation constructs remain unknown. Hypothesis: The null hypothesis was there would be no differences between traditional MPFL reconstruction and MQTFL reconstruction with respect to resistance to lateral translation, patellar position, or patellofemoral contact pressures. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Nine adult knee specimens were mounted on a jig that applied static, physiologic loads to the quadriceps tendons. Patellar position and orientation, knee flexion angle, and patellofemoral pressure were recorded at 8 different flexion angles between 0° and 110°. Additionally, a lateral patellar excursion test was conducted wherein a load was applied directly to the patella in the lateral direction with the knee at 30° of flexion and subjected to 2-N quadriceps loads. Testing was conducted under 4 conditions: intact, transected MPFL, MQTFL reconstruction, and MPFL reconstruction. For MQTFL reconstruction, the surgical technique established by Fulkerson was employed. For MPFL reconstruction, a traditional technique was utilized. Results: The patellar excursion test showed no significant difference between the MQTFL and intact states with respect to lateral translation. MPFL reconstruction led to significantly less lateral translation ( P < .05) than all other states. There were no significant differences between MPFL and MQTFL reconstructions with respect to peak patellofemoral contact pressure. MPFL and MQTFL reconstructions both resulted in increased internal rotation of the patella with the knee in full extension. Conclusion: Soft tissue-only extensor-sided fixation to the distal quadriceps (MQTFL) during patella stabilization appears to re-create native stability in this time 0 cadaver model. Fixation to the patella (MPFL) was associated with increased resistance to lateral translation. Clinical Relevance: Evolving anatomic knowledge and concern for patellar fracture has led to increased interest in MQTFL reconstruction. Both MQTFL and MPFL reconstructions restored patellofemoral stability to lateral translation without increasing contact pressures under appropriate graft tensioning, with MQTFL more closely restoring native resistance to lateral translation at the time of surgery.

Can isolated removal of osteophytes achieve correction of varus deformity and gap-balance in computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty?

2020 ◽  
Vol 102-B (6_Supple_A) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Arun Mullaji
Keyword(s):  
Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Deformity Correction ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Cruciate Ligaments ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Total Knee

Aims The aims of this study were to determine the effect of osteophyte excision on deformity correction and soft tissue gap balance in varus knees undergoing computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods A total of 492 consecutive, cemented, cruciate-substituting TKAs performed for varus osteoarthritis were studied. After exposure and excision of both cruciates and menisci, it was noted from operative records the corrective interventions performed in each case. Knees in which no releases after the initial exposure, those which had only osteophyte excision, and those in which further interventions were performed were identified. From recorded navigation data, coronal and sagittal limb alignment, knee flexion range, and medial and lateral gap distances in maximum knee extension and 90° knee flexion with maximal varus and valgus stresses, were established, initially after exposure and excision of both cruciate ligaments, and then also at trialling. Knees were defined as ‘aligned’ if the hip-knee-ankle axis was between 177° and 180°, (0° to 3° varus) and ‘balanced’ if medial and lateral gaps in extension and at 90° flexion were within 2 mm of each other. Results Of 50 knees (10%) with no soft tissue releases (other than cruciate ligaments), 90% were aligned, 81% were balanced, and 73% were aligned and balanced. In 288 knees (59%) only osteophyte excision was performed by subperiosteally releasing the deep medial collateral ligament. Of these, 98% were aligned, 80% were balanced, and 79% were aligned and balanced. In 154 knees (31%), additional procedures were performed (reduction osteotomy, posterior capsular release, and semimembranosus release). Of these, 89% were aligned, 68% were balanced, and 66% were aligned and balanced. The superficial medial collateral ligament was not released in any case. Conclusion Two-thirds of all knees could be aligned and balanced with release of the cruciate ligaments alone and excision of osteophytes. Excision of osteophytes can be a useful step towards achieving deformity correction and gap balance without having to resort to soft tissue release in varus knees while maintaining classical coronal and sagittal alignment of components. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(6 Supple A):49–58.

scholarly journals Noniatrogenic Medial Patellar Dislocations: Case Series and International Patellofemoral Study Group Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 232596712098553
Author(s):  
Alexander E. Loeb ◽  
Jack Farr ◽  
Shital N. Parikh ◽  
Andrew J. Cosgarea
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Patellar Dislocation ◽  
Patellar Instability ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Case Review ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

Background:Most patellar dislocations occur in a lateral direction because of a summed lateral force vector and predisposing anatomic risk factors. Medial patellar instability is rare and is a well-recognized iatrogenic complication of an overly aggressive lateral retinacular release. Noniatrogenic medial patellar dislocations are rare. The management of these injuries is not well described.Purpose:To describe the experience of the International Patellofemoral Study Group with patients with noniatrogenic medial patellar dislocation.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:Members of the International Patellofemoral Study Group (N = 64) were surveyed between October 2018 and April 2019. This group was chosen because of its wide referral base and interest in patellar instability. Specialists who had encountered a patient with medial patellar instability were sent a questionnaire inquiring about details of the case, including patient demographics, medical history, level of athletic competition, injury characteristics, and treatment. Cases were confirmed by physical examination records and, in some cases, with findings on advanced radiographic imaging.Results:The survey response rate was 73% (47/64). Three of the 47 specialists (6.4%) reported they had seen a case of noniatrogenic medial patellar dislocation, for a total of 6 cases. Four cases were described as recurrent medial dislocations in the setting of hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome; 2 were treated nonoperatively, 1 underwent lateral patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, and 1 underwent derotational osteotomies. Two medial-sided patellar dislocations in collegiate athletes were sports-related injuries that required surgical debridement but no ligamentous reconstruction. None of the patients had persistent or recurrent instability at the time of their most recent follow-up.Conclusion:Noniatrogenic medial patellar dislocations are extremely rare. This case review suggests that the treatment of first-time medial patellar instability in patients without known risk factors should follow the same principles as the treatment of lateral instability with no known risk factors, which is nonoperative management. For patients with documented risk factors and recurrence, surgery to address the risk factors may be appropriate.

Effect of Trochlear Dysplasia on Outcomes After Isolated Soft Tissue Stabilization for Patellar Instability

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1515-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie A. Hiemstra ◽  
Sarah Kerslake ◽  
Michael Loewen ◽  
Mark Lafave
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Patellar Instability ◽  
Trochlear Dysplasia ◽  
Tissue Stabilization
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