scholarly journals The Relationship Between Vertical Loadrates and Tibial Acceleration Across Footstrike Patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Davis ◽  
Todd Hayano ◽  
Adam Tenforde
Keyword(s):  
Impact Loading ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Tibial Acceleration ◽  
The Relationship

Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: While the etiology of injuries is multifactorial, impact loading, as measured by the loadrate of the vertical ground reaction force has been implicated. These loadrates are typically measured with a force plate. However, this limits the measure of impacts to laboratory environments. Tibial acceleration, another measure of running impacts, is considered a surrogate for loadrate. It can be measured using new wearable technology that can be used in a runner’s natural environment. However, the correlation between tibial acceleration measured from mobile devices and vertical ground reaction force loadrates, measured from forceplates, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between vertical and resultant loadrates to vertical and resultant tibial acceleration across different footstrike patterns (FSP) in runners. Methods: The study involved a sample of convenience made up of 169 runners (74 F, 95 M; age: 38.66±13.08 yrs) presenting at a running injury clinic. This included 25 habitual forefoot strike (FFS), 17 midfoot strike (MFS) and 127 rearfoot strike (RFS) runners. Participants ran on an instrumented treadmill (average speed 2.52±0.25 m/s), with a tri-axial accelerometer attached at the left distal medial tibia. Only subjects running with pain <3/10 on a VAS scale during the treadmill run were included to reduce the confounding effect of pain. Vertical average, vertical instantaneous and resultant instantaneous loadrates (VALR, VILR and RILR) and peak vertical and resultant tibial accelerations (VTA, RTA) were averaged for 8 consecutive left steps. Correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between tibial accelerations and loadrates. Results: All tibial accelerations were significantly correlated across all loadrates, with the exception of RTA with VILR for FFS (Table 1) which was nearly significant (p=0.068). Correlations ranged from 0.37-0.82. VTA was strongly correlated with all loadrates (r = 0.66). RTA was also strongly correlated with both loadrates for RFS and MFS, but only moderately correlated with loadrates for FFS (r = 0.47). Correlations were similar across the different loadrates (VALR, VILR, RILR). Conclusion: The stronger correlation between vertical tibial acceleration and all loadrates (VALR, VILR, RILR) suggests that it may be the best surrogate for loadrates when studying impact loading in runners.

The Relationship Between Vertical Ground Reaction Force, Loading Rate, and Sound Characteristics During a Single-Leg Landing

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-546
Author(s):  
Caroline Lisee ◽  
Tom Birchmeier ◽  
Arthur Yan ◽  
Brent Geers ◽  
Kaitlin O’Hagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Sound Frequency ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Loading

Context: Landing kinetic outcomes are associated with injury risk and may be persistently altered after anterior cruciate ligament injury or reconstruction. However, it is challenging to assess kinetics clinically. The relationship between sound characteristics and kinetics during a limited number of functional tasks has been supported as a potential clinical alternative. Objective: To assess the relationship between kinetics and sound characteristics during a single-leg landing task. Design: Observational Setting: Laboratory. Participants: There was total of 26 healthy participants (15 males/11 females, age = 24.8 [3.6] y, height = 176.0 [9.1] cm, mass = 74.9 [14.4] kg, Tegner Activity Scale = 6.1 [1.1]). Intervention: Participants completed single-leg landings onto a force plate while audio characteristics were recorded. Main Outcome Measures: Peak vertical ground reaction force, linear loading rate, instantaneous loading rate, peak sound magnitude, sound frequency were measured. Means and SDs were calculated for each participant’s individual limbs. Spearman rho correlations were used to assess the relationships between audio characteristics and kinetic outcomes. Results: Peak sound magnitude was positively correlated with normalized peak vertical ground reaction force (ρ = .486, P = .001); linear loading rate (ρ = .491, P = .001); and instantaneous loading rate (ρ = .298, P = .03). Sound frequency was negatively correlated with instantaneous loading rate (ρ = −.444, P = .001). Conclusions: Peak sound magnitude may be more helpful in providing feedback about an individual’s normalized vertical ground reaction force and linear loading rate, and sound frequency may be more helpful in providing feedback about instantaneous loading rate. Further refinement in sound measurement techniques may be required before these findings can be applied in a clinical population.

scholarly journals Vertical ground reaction force analysis during gait with unstable shoes

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-466
Author(s):  
Giulia Pereira ◽  
Aluísio Otavio Vargas Avila ◽  
Rudnei Palhano
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Unstable Shoes ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroduction Footwear is no longer just an accessory but also a protection for the musculoskeletal system, and its most important characteristic is comfort.Objectives This study aims to identify and to analyze the vertical ground reaction force in barefoot women and women with unstable shoes.Methodology Five women aged 25 ± 4 years old and mass of 50 ± 7 kg participated in this study. An AMTI force plate was used for data acquisition. The 10 trials for each situation were considered valid where the subject approached the platform with the right foot and at the speed of 4 km/h ± 5%. The instable shoe of this study is used in the practice of physical activity.Results The results showed that the first peak force was higher for the footwear situation, about 5% and significant differences between the barefoot and footwear situation. This significant difference was in the first and second peaks force and in the time of the second peak.Conclusion The values showed that the footwear absorbs approximately 45% of the impact during gait.

scholarly journals Acute fatigue effects on ground reaction force of lower limbs during countermovement jumps

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-745
Author(s):  
Carlos Gabriel Fábrica ◽  
Paula V. González ◽  
Jefferson Fagundes Loss
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
External Work ◽  
Jumping Performance ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
The Relationship

Parameters associated with the performance of countermovement jumps were identified from vertical ground reaction force recordings during fatigue and resting conditions. Fourteen variables were defined, dividing the vertical ground reaction force into negative and positive external working times and times in which the vertical ground reaction force values were lower and higher than the participant's body weight. We attempted to explain parameter variations by considering the relationship between the set of contractile and elastic components of the lower limbs. We determined that jumping performance is based on impulsion optimization and not on instantaneous ground reaction force value: the time in which the ground reaction force was lower than the body weight, and negative external work time was lower under fatigue. The results suggest that, during fatigue, there is less contribution from elastic energy and from overall active state. However, the participation of contractile elements could partially compensate for the worsening of jumping performance.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Vertical Ground Reaction Force And Audio Characteristics During A Single-Leg Landing

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5S) ◽  
pp. 760-761
Author(s):  
Caroline Lisee ◽  
Thomas Birchmeier ◽  
Arthur Yan ◽  
Brent Geers ◽  
Kaitlin O’Hagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
The Relationship

Measurements of Vertical Ground Reaction Force in Jumping Dogs

1992 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Hulse ◽  
H. A. Hogan ◽  
Margaret Slater ◽  
M. T. Longnecker ◽  
Susan Yanoff
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Working Dogs ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Military Working Dogs

SummaryThe purpose of this study was: to quantitate the peak vertical ground reaction force acting on the forelimbs of dogs as they landed after jumping an obstacle; to compare that force at three heights; and to evaluate factors that may affect vertical ground reaction force. Thirteen military working dogs were studied. A strain gauge force plate was used to measure force. Three measurements were recorded for each dog at each height. The means of the medians of the three forces for each dog at each height were compared using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Mean force at 63 cm was 986.9 ± 221.5 N, mean force at 79 cm was 1175.0 ±227.4 N, and mean force at 94 cm was 1366.1± 268.5 N. There was a significant difference in mean force at the three jump heights (p = 0.0002). The significance was unchanged when force was normalized for body weight. Statistical models were used to evaluate the effect of other independent variables. Factors that were found to effect force were body weight, breed, and sex of the dog. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings.Vertical ground reaction force was measured in thirteen dogs landing on a force plate after jumping an obstacle. Three readings were taken for each dog at each of three heights, and the mean vertical ground reaction force was compared. Force readings were significantly different at each height, increasing as height increased. Factors that were found to effect vertical ground reaction force were body weight, breed, and sex.

scholarly journals Estimating Vertical Ground Reaction Force during Walking Using a Single Inertial Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianta Jiang ◽  
Christopher Napier ◽  
Brett Hannigan ◽  
Janice J. Eng ◽  
Carlo Menon
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Force Peak ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gait Monitoring ◽  
Stance Duration

The vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and its passive and active peaks are important gait parameters and of great relevance for musculoskeletal injury analysis and prevention, the detection of gait abnormities, and the evaluation of lower-extremity prostheses. Most currently available methods to estimate the vGRF require a force plate. However, in real-world scenarios, gait monitoring would not be limited to a laboratory setting. This paper reports a novel solution using machine learning algorithms to estimate the vGRF and the timing and magnitude of its peaks from data collected by a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) on one of the lower limb locations. Nine volunteers participated in this study, walking on a force plate-instrumented treadmill at various speeds. Four IMUs were worn on the foot, shank, distal thigh, and proximal thigh, respectively. A random forest model was employed to estimate the vGRF from data collected by each of the IMUs. We evaluated the performance of the models against the gold standard measurement of the vGRF generated by the treadmill. The developed model achieved a high accuracy with a correlation coefficient, root mean square error, and normalized root mean square error of 1.00, 0.02 body weight (BW), and 1.7% in intra-participant testing, and 0.97, 0.10 BW, and 7.15% in inter-participant testing, respectively, for the shank location. The difference between the reference and estimated passive force peak values was 0.02 BW and 0.14 BW with a delay of −0.14% and 0.57% of stance duration for the intra- and inter-participant testing, respectively; the difference between the reference and estimated active force peak values was 0.02 BW and 0.08 BW with a delay of 0.45% and 1.66% of stance duration for the intra- and inter-participant evaluation, respectively. We concluded that vertical ground reaction force can be estimated using only a single IMU via machine learning algorithms. This research sheds light on the development of a portable wearable gait monitoring system reporting the real-time vGRF in real-life scenarios.

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