scholarly journals Covid, racism and Black Lives Matter: A deadly constellation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-207
Author(s):  
Graham Music
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Childhood Stress ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Minority Ethnic

This paper looks at how people from Black and Minority Ethnic groups have been disproportionately affected by COVID. The paper links this with both psycho-social factors and childhood stress and trauma. It looks at the effects of unconscious racism on the minds and physiology of those affected. The relationship between the impact of stress, trauma, racism and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) is discussed, and how ACEs are linked with very poor later physical and mental health outcomes. The article suggests that these issues are highly over determined but that for change to occur we need interventions at a range of levels, from the macro-political, psychosocial, individual and economic, including unconscious implicit biases.

The Racial and Gender Differences in the Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Juvenile Residential Placement

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haley R. Zettler ◽  
Kevin Wolff ◽  
Michael Baglivio ◽  
Jessica M. Craig ◽  
Nathan Epps
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Residential Placement ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Hispanic Males ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Hispanic Females ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Research has demonstrated a relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and a variety of juvenile offending outcomes. No study to date, however, has examined the relationship between ACEs and juvenile residential placement. The current study utilized a large sample of 4,733 adjudicated juveniles in Florida in order to examine the relationship between ACEs and residential placement across gender and race/ethnicity. For the entire study sample, ACEs significantly increased the odds of residential placement by age 17. For males, ACEs significantly increased the odds of residential placement for Black and Hispanic males but had a null effect on White males. For females, ACEs were predictive of residential placement for Black females but not for White or Hispanic females. Consistent predictors of residential placement across demographic groups included the presence of antisocial peers, substance abuse issues, and anger problems.

Do Social Bonds Buffer the Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Reoffending?

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Craig ◽  
Michael T. Baglivio ◽  
Kevin T. Wolff ◽  
Alex R. Piquero ◽  
Nathan Epps
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Adjudicated Youth ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Research from multiple disciplines has reported that exposure to childhood traumatic events, often referred to as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), increases an individual’s chances of experiencing a wide variety of negative consequences such as chronic disease, unemployment, and involvement in serious, violent, and chronic offending. The current study assesses how protective factors from social bonds may moderate the relationship between ACEs and future offending in a sample of high-risk adjudicated youth. While results showed that increased ACE exposure led to a higher likelihood of rearrest and more social bonds lowered the likelihood of rearrest, in contrast to expectations, the analyses revealed that stronger social bonds did not reduce the deleterious effects of exposure to more types of ACEs on recidivism. A discussion of these findings is offered, along with study limitations and future directions.

scholarly journals Exploring the impact of adverse childhood experiences on symptomatic and functional outcomes in adulthood: advances, limitations and considerations

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
J. Cotter ◽  
A. R. Yung
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Impact

Exposure to traumatic experiences in childhood is a risk (and potentially causal) factor for the development of a range of adverse physical and mental health conditions. In addition to the onset of clinical disorders, there is emerging evidence that childhood trauma may also be associated with other long-term outcomes, such as the persistence and severity of an individual’s symptoms, as well as their long-term social and occupational functioning. However, the reasons for this remain poorly understood. A greater understanding both of the mediators that drive these associations, and those variables that enhance resilience against such damaging experiences may help to inform effective therapeutic interventions. In addition to biological and cognitive measures, there is a need to consider social and environmental factors, such as parental bonding and attachment, when investigating these complex relationships.

scholarly journals Adverse childhood experiences: Mechanisms of risk and resilience in a longitudinal urban cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1418-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Giovanelli ◽  
Christina F. Mondi ◽  
Arthur J. Reynolds ◽  
Suh-Ruu Ou
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThere is an extensive literature describing the detrimental effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACE; e.g., abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction) on physical and mental health. However, few large-scale studies have explored these associations longitudinally in urban minority cohorts or assessed links to broader measures of well-being such as educational attainment, occupation, and crime. Although adversity and resilience have long been of interest in developmental psychology, protective and promotive factors have been understudied in the ACE literature. This paper investigates the psychosocial processes through which ACEs contribute to outcomes, in addition to exploring ways to promote resilience to ACEs in vulnerable populations. Follow-up data were analyzed for 87% of the original 1,539 participants in the Chicago Longitudinal Study (N = 1,341), a prospective investigation of the impact of an Early Childhood Education program and early experiences on life-course well-being. Findings suggest that ACEs impact well-being in low-socioeconomic status participants above and beyond the effects of demographic risk and poverty, and point to possible mechanisms of transmission of ACE effects. Results also identify key areas across the ecological system that may promote resilience to ACEs, and speak to the need to continue to support underserved communities in active ways.

scholarly journals Do Happy Children Become Happy Adults?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-96
Author(s):  
Tayfun Doğan ◽  
Fatma Tuba Aydın
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Happiness Level ◽  
Oxford Happiness Questionnaire

Many psychological theories emphasize the significance of early childhood events. A review of the literature reveals that studies concentrate on the consequences of adverse childhood experiences on the physical and mental health of individuals. A few studies have so far examined the effects of positive childhood experiences on mental health. This research aims to investigate the relationship between positive childhood experiences and happiness. 695 adults (488 female and 207 male) participated in the study. Positive Childhood Experiences Scale served to gather the data regarding the childhood experiences, and The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire is employed to measure the happiness of the participants. According to the results of this study, a positive correlation was found between positive childhood experiences and happiness. Positive childhood experiences explain 23% of happiness and 24% of life satisfaction. In parallel to positive childhood experiences points, the happiness and life satisfaction of the participants also increases. According to the happiness level of participants, those who inform to be very happy have higher levels of positive childhood experiences in comparison to those who feel a moderate level of happiness or declare to be unhappy. The results are discussed in the context of the literature.

The Impact of Childhood School Suspension on Dropout and Arrest in Adolescence: Disparate Relationships by Race and Adverse Childhood Experiences

2021 ◽  
pp. 009385482110413
Author(s):  
Lindsay Leban ◽  
Marlow Masterson
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
High School Dropout ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
School Suspension ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Despite its widespread use, school suspension is related to negative outcomes in adolescence, including delinquency and low academic attainment. However, it remains less clear how other sources of adversity affect the relationship between suspension and negative outcomes. Drawing on longitudinal data on a sample of at-risk youth, this study examines the roles of two sources of disadvantage—being a racial minority and experiencing high levels of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)—in the relationships between school suspension in childhood and arrest and high school dropout in adolescence. Results reveal that suspension increased odds of dropout and arrest regardless of race, even after accounting for high ACEs and other covariates. Among Black youth only, the impact of suspension on dropout was amplified for those with high ACE exposure. Findings shed light on the complex connections between sources of adversity and their relation to negative outcomes in adolescence.

Ethnic youth and sexual identity: the role of clinical and social support for ‘double minorities’

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Wong ◽  
David B Menkes
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Sexual Minority Youth ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Asian Youth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Minority Ethnic

Objectives: Sexual-minority youth exhibit increased rates of psychiatric morbidity, subject to various social factors. We examine the impact of ethnicity and culture on these phenomena, with particular reference to Asian youth living in Western societies. Conclusions: Youth from minority ethnic groups who do not identify with their native gender and/or who are not exclusively heterosexual are known as ‘double minorities’. Available evidence suggests that such individuals are at particularly increased risk of depression and suicide, but that this may be mitigated by social support. More research is needed to understand the challenges faced by ‘double minorities’, notably their perception of and ability to access available clinical and social supports.

scholarly journals Adverse Childhood Experiences of Children Adopted from Care: The Importance of Adoptive Parental Warmth for Future Child Adjustment

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Anthony ◽  
Amy L. Paine ◽  
Katherine H. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Parental Warmth ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Externalising Problems ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and children’s internalising symptoms and externalising problems in the Wales Adoption Cohort Study, a prospective longitudinal study that used case file records (n = 374) for a sample of British children adopted from care (M = 2 years, 55% male). Parents (n = 96) completed questionnaires at 3–5 months, 15–17 months, and 31–33 months post-placement. We hypothesised that: (1) children adopted from care would have experienced more ACEs than children in the general population; (2) the number of ACEs would be associated with higher internalising symptom and externalising problem scores; and (3) adoptive parental warmth would moderate the relationship between ACEs and post-placement internalising symptoms and externalising problems. Nearly half (42%) of the children experienced four or more ACEs. Internalising symptoms and externalising problems were significantly higher than the UK general population. The number of ACEs was associated with internalising symptoms 3 years post-adoptive placement but this relationship was moderated by adoptive parental warmth. This study profiles the experiences and characteristics of a national sample of adopted children and highlights the potential importance of parent warmth as a factor that ameliorates the impact of ACEs on poor child outcomes.

Intersections of Childhood Victimization Experiences, Gender, and Dominance: The Makings for Sexual Coercion Transnationally?

2020 ◽  
pp. 105756772098265
Author(s):  
Aimée X. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Coercive Behavior ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Although the use of sexual violence has been widely researched, data on sexual offending tend to be limited. Since adverse childhood experiences have been found to be correlated with being a victim of sexually coercive behavior, more research is needed to understand the impact of adverse childhood experiences on the perpetration of sexually coercive behaviors. Yet, there is little published research explaining such risk factors for sexually coercive behaviors and even less transnationally. This study seeks to expand the current literature by exploring the impact of violence and dominance-based beliefs on sexually coercive behaviors. Using data from the International Dating Violence Survey, the results from multilevel modeling regression analysis indicate that beliefs in relational dominance moderate the relationship between violent childhood experiences and sexually coercive behaviors. More importantly, despite theoretical premises that men engage in more sexually coercive behaviors, the results found that sexually coercive behaviors are more prevalent among those who hold dominance-based belief systems over intimate partners regardless of gender. Implications of these findings are discussed.

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