‘The Contrary Direction to Millcote’:Jane Eyreand the ‘Condition of England’ Novel

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
Robert Dingley
Keyword(s):  
Contrary Direction

scholarly journals V. A letter on a canal in the medulla spinalis of some quadrupeds

1809 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 146-147
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Cauda Equina ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Spinal Marrow ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Contrary Direction

Sir, According to your request, I send you an account of the facts I have ascertained, respecting a canal I discovered in the year 1803, in the medulla spinalis of the horse, bullock, sheep, hog, and dog; and should it appear to you deserving of being laid before the Royal Society, I shall feel myself particularly obliged, by having so great an honour conferred upon me. Upon tracing the sixth ventricle of the brain, which corresponds to the fourth in the human subject, to its apparent termination, the calamus scriptorius, I perceived the appearance of a canal, continuing by a direct course into the centre of the spinal marrow. To ascertain with accuracy whether such structure existed throughout its whole length, I made sections of the spinal marrow at different distances from the brain, and found that each divided portion exhibited an orifice with a diameter sufficient to admit a large sized pin; from which a small quantity of transparent colourless fluid issued, like that contained in the ventricles of the brain. The canal is lined by a membrane resembling the tunica arachnoidea, and is situated above the fissure of the medulla, being separated by a medullary layer: it is most easily distinguished where the large nerves are given off in the bend of the neck and sacrum, imperceptibly terminating in the cauda equina. Having satisfactorily ascertained its existence through the whole length of the spinal marrow, my next object was to discover whether it was a continued tube from one extremity to the other: this was most decidedly proved, by dividing the spinal marrow through the middle, and pouring mercury into the orifice where the canal was cut across, it passed in a small stream, with equal facility towards the brain (into which it entered), or in a contrary direction to where the spinal marrow terminates.

scholarly journals Balzac: An Artist and an Entrepreneur

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Gelmini
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Living System ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Profound Knowledge ◽  
Financial Perspective ◽  
The Social ◽  
Business Perspective ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
Contrary Direction

Balzac has been widely regarded as one of the greatest storytellers of humanity; his ability to describe an entire universe of characters makes his work a real living system, truly devoted to an ambitious project. At the same time his sparkling and puzzled existence is itself a novel.As such, analyzing some key moments in Balzac's life, from a specific financial standpoint and business perspective, allows us to better understand the genesis of his work: and vice versa.In effect, the main research question of this paper is to identify some key moments in Balzac's life that have affected him from a financial perspective and that have drawn him to a mature and profound knowledge of the social and economic mechanisms, essential for writing his great masterpieces.At the same time, and on the contrary direction, attention will be devoted to some of his novels that have a clear economic and financial plot: as above, they certainly have emerged from the knowledge of the social life in France in the nineteenth century via his daily vicissitudes.

Experimental Study on Double-Diffusive Convection During Solidification of NH4Cl-H2O Hypereutectic Solution in Cylinder Cavity

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bofeng Bai ◽  
Jun Lu ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Heng Li
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Cylindrical Cavity ◽  
Particle Image ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Double Diffusive Convection ◽  
Diffusive Convection ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Diffusive Interface ◽  
Contrary Direction ◽  
Double Diffusive

In order to reveal the law of double-diffusive convection of multi-compound solution in cylindrical cavity, experimental study on solidification of NH4Cl-H2O hypereutectic solution has been performed by using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The influencing factors of flow patterns and intensity are also analyzed. The results show that: 1) There are two approximately symmetric main convection cells in the liquid which are down along the sidewall and up along the center of the cylindrical cavity. Meanwhile, there are also two secondary cells on the bottom corner of cylindrical cavity, which flow in contrary direction to that of the main ones; 2) Due to the release of water during the solidification process, solute layers and diffusive interface are developed in the liquid and will be disappeared in the end; 3) The cooling temperature and the initial concentration have significantly effects on the flow velocity, solute layers and diffusive interface.

scholarly journals XVIII. Electro-physiological researches. —Eleventh series. On the secondary electromotor power of nerves, and its application to the explanation of certain electrophysiological phenomena

1861 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 363-372
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Conducting Liquid ◽  
Porous Bodies ◽  
Exciting Current ◽  
Homogeneous Circuit ◽  
Contrary Direction

The object of this memoir is to describe experiments which prove that whenever a nerve is traversed by an electric current, it acquires in all its points a secondary electromotor power, and consequently becomes capable of producing in a conducting homogeneous circuit, whose extremities touch any two points whatever of that nerve, an electric current in a contrary direction to that of the current which we shall call the exciting current. This property of nerves, which, as we shall see, is independent of their vital faculties, is nevertheless connected with their structure, and ceases when the integrity of that structure is impaired. All porous bodies, whether organic or inorganic, when saturated with a conducting liquid, are capable of acquiring a secondary electromotor power, so as to become a sort of secondary pile of Ritter; but I do not enter into an examination of these phenomena, which have been studied in their generality by other physicists, my principal aim being to determine exactly the conditions of the secondary electromotor power of nerves, in order to make a due application of these conditions to the explanation of the electro-physiological phenomena which are awakened at the opening of the voltaic circuit.

scholarly journals Modelos de espacialidade na obra de Rafael Courtoisie

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Luis Alberto Brandão Santos
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Latin American Literature ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Contrary Direction ◽  
The Way

Resumo: A obra do escritor uruguaio Rafael Courtoisie é tomada como ponto de partida para uma reflexão sobre alguns modelos por meio dos quais a literatura contemporânea exercita o que se pode designar, genericamente, de “espacialidade”. Esse termo não diz respeito ao modo como o texto literário representa espaços extratextuais. Na verdade, atua na direção contrária, tornando viável que, no âmbito da literatura, se problematize o que é entendido como espaço. Os três modelos de espacialidade que abordamos são: a visão, o tato e o movimento. Da obra de Courtoisie, foram selecionados os seguintes livros: Estado sólido (1996), Umbría (1999) e Música para sordos (2002).Palavras-chave: espaço; espacialidade; Rafael Courtoisie; literatura contemporânea; literatura latino-americana.Abstract: The work of the uruguayan writer Rafael Courtoisie is taken as starting point for a reflection on some models by which contemporary literature exercises what we consider to assign, generically, as “spatiality”. This term does not concern to the way that literary text represents extraliterary spaces. Actually, it goes on the contrary direction, making possible that, in the scope of literature, one might deeply question what is understood as space. The three models of spatiality that we approach are: sight, touch and movement. The following books of Courtoisie have been selected: Estado sólido (1996), Umbría (1999) and Música para sordos (2002).Keywords: space; spatiality; Rafael Courtoisie; contemporary literature; Latin American literature.

The “Dark Side” of the EMP?

Capital Women ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Jan Luiten
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Institutional Diversity ◽  
Top Down ◽  
European Nuclear ◽  
Nuclear Household ◽  
Contrary Direction

This chapter addresses several issues, with the aim of refining and reorienting the debate about the nuclear hardship hypothesis. Several indicators show that the primacy of the European nuclear household did not lead to more hardship; in fact, the evidence points in the contrary direction. Nor would it be fair to claim that this outcome is entirely due to top-down provisions, and in particular charity. The authors stress the institutional diversity of solutions for hardship, and focus on one particular group in society, the elderly. They demonstrate that the elderly had more “agency” than usually expected and that a combination of institutional arrangements, besides the top-down provisions, in which the elderly participated actively offered more resilience so as to deal with “hardship.”

Numerical Simulation of Welding Sequence Effect on Temperature Distribution, Residual Stresses and Distortions of T-Joint Fillet Welds

2011 ◽  
Vol 264-265 ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Syahroni ◽  
M.I.P. Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Angular Distortion ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Welding Sequence ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Welding Sequences ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Contrary Direction

Welding sequence is one important factor which affects the residual stresses and distortions produced during welding, thus determines the welding quality and performance. In this paper, 3D numerical simulation of temperature distribution, residual stresses and distortions of the T-joint fillet weld with respect to the variation of welding sequence is presented. The finite element simulation involved thermo-mechanical analyses. Four welding sequences (WS) considered are one direction welding (WS-1), contrary direction welding (WS-2), welding from centre of one side (WS-3) and welding from centres of two sides (WS-4). The simulation results revealed that peak temperature achieved in the welding was greatly affected by the welding sequence and residual stress and angular distortion produced cannot both hold in minimum for a WS. The smallest residual stresses and the smallest angular distortions are related respectively to WS-2 and WS-4. The distributions of temperature, longitudinal and transverse residual stresses as well as angular distortions were also presented.

VI. On the diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at St. Helena

1847 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 51-57
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
The West ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
The North ◽  
St Helena ◽  
Contrary Direction ◽  
North End

It has long been known that in Europe the north end of a magnet suspended horizontally (meaning by the north end the end which is directed towards the north), moves to the East from the night until between 7 and 8 o’clock in the morning, when an opposite movement commences, and the north end of the magnet moves to the West . Recent observations have shown that a similar movement takes place at the same hours of local time in North America, and that it is general in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere. It has also been known for some years past, and has been confirmed by recent observations, that in the middle latitudes of the southern hemisphere, the north end of the magnet moves in a contrary direction to that which has been described as taking place in the northern hemisphere, viz. that it moves to the west until 8 o’clock in the morning, or thereabouts, and then returns towards the east.

scholarly journals Researches on the function of the intercostal muscles and on the respiratory movements, with some remarks on muscular power, in man

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 691-693
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Power ◽  
Intercostal Muscles ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
First Rib ◽  
Expiratory Muscles ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
Respiratory Movements ◽  
Contrary Direction

The object of this paper is to demonstrate by models and dissections the action of the intercostal muscles. After premising an account of the views of several eminent physiologists, and in particular those promulgated by Haller, the author shows that they resolve themselves into the general opinion that the scalene or other muscles of the neck fix the first rib, in order to enable the two sets of intercostal muscles to act either separately or conjointly, as inspiratory or expiratory muscles. He then proceeds to state the proofs that the intercostal muscles possess an action which is independent of any other muscle, and also independent of each other, so that any of the twelve ribs may be elevated or depressed by them either separately or conjointly. He demonstrates the nature of this action by means of models, producing oblique tensions between levers representing the ribs, and allowing of rotation on their centres of motion; and he shows that such tension in the direction of the external intercostal muscles, elevates both the levers until the tension ceases, or the position of the bars by proximity obstruct each other. If the tension be exerted in a contrary direction, as in the internal intercostal muscles, the bars are both depressed. This movement was demonstrated by a model. It was farther shown that two tensions decussating can, according to the position of the fulcra, be made to act as associates or antagonists to each other. Such motions are to be considered with reference to the fulcra, bars with one fulcrum common to each having no such action; and the author accordingly draws the following conclusions:— 1st. All the external intercostal muscles are true inspiratory muscles, elevators of the ribs, and with this act they dilate the intercostal spaces, thus increasing the cavity of the chest.

scholarly journals On the mutual action of the particles of magnetic bodies, and on the law of variation of the magnetic forces generated at different distances during rotation

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 305-307
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Dynamical Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Magnetic Attraction ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Full Development ◽  
The Law ◽  
Contrary Direction ◽  
Mutual Action

The results obtained by the author, described in a former communication, when a copper disc was made to revolve under a magnetized needle, appearing to him not likely to lead to an accurate knowledge of the law of magnetic attraction, developed during rotation, from the effect of lateral attraction; he was induced to resume the inquiry, substituting a ring for a disc, expecting that, as no lateral forces would here be called into action, the results would be more uniform, and in this expectation he was not disappointed. One of the first phenomena encountered by him in this research, was a very great diminution of magnetic force, when a ring of the same weight was substituted for a disc; and pursuing this point of inquiry, he found that in all cases of solution of continuity, not only by cuts in the direction of radii from the centre, but in concentric annuli or otherwise, there is always a great loss of force, the magnetism of the whole being always much greater than the sum of that of the parts. He describes in detail these experiments, and the apparatus used for them. His method of estimating the intensity of the force developed, was by suspending the body, set in, rotation by a revolving magnet, by a wire, and preserving a constant velocity of rotation in the magnet, to note the time when the velocity acquired by the disc, was just destroyed by the torsion of the wire, and the disc just began to revolve in a contrary direction. Applying analysis to the dynamical problem arising, he thence deduces the intensity of the force urging the suspended body. Applying the resulting formula to the experiments, he finds, in almost ail cases, a small diminution in the intensity of the force as the arc of rotation increases, which he attributes to a very minute degree of magnetism accumulated in the disc, and retained by it till the revolving magnet comes round again. In reasoning on the experiments detailed, Mr. Christie concludes that the greatest developement of magnetism in a disc, subjected to the action of revolving magnets, takes place when the axes of the magnets are vertically under points bisecting the radii, and that the magnetism decreases very rapidly as they approach the edge; thus indicating that for a full development of magnetism, a continuity of substance, in all directions from the point acted on, is principally requisite. This result is corroborated in a striking manner by the effect produced by concentric circular cuts in the disc, leaving the interior attached to the exterior in several places. On successively destroying these points of connexion, a very great diminution of force is perceived.

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