Clay minerals as provenance indicators in continental lacustrine sequences: the Leza Formation, early Cretaceous, Cameros Basin, northern Spain

AbstractVariations in clay mineral assemblages, changes in Kübler index (KI), and the chemical composition of chlorites are used to identify source areas in the lacustrine materials in the Lower Cretaceous Leza Limestone Formation of the Cameros Basin, northern Spain. This formation has fairly homogeneous lithological characteristics and facies associations which do not allow for identification and characterization of local source areas. The Arnedillo lithosome of the Leza Limestone Formation contains a clay mineral association (Mg-chlorite, illite and smectite) indicative of its provenance. Chlorite composition and illite KI values indicate that these minerals were formed at temperatures higher than those reached by the Leza Formation which indicates its detrital origin. The similarity in the Mg-chlorite composition between the Arnedillo lithosome and the Keuper sediments of the area indicates that these materials acted as a local source area. This implies that Triassic sediments were exposed, at least locally, at the time of deposition of the Leza Formation. The presence of smectite in the Leza Formation is related to a retrograde diagenesis event that altered the Mg-chlorites in some samples.

Download Full-text

Clay diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism of Tithonian and Berriasian sediments in the Cameros Basin (Spain)

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/000985501750539427 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 325-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J. F. Barrenechea ◽

M. Rodas ◽

M. Frey ◽

J. Alonso-Azcárate ◽

J. R. Mas

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Mixed Layer ◽

Sedimentary Facies ◽

Metamorphic Grade ◽

Metamorphic Event ◽

Low Grade ◽

Grade Metamorphism ◽

Mineral Assemblages ◽

Cameros Basin ◽

Southern Border

AbstractThe clay mineral assemblages of the Tithonian and Berriasian sediments (Tera and Oncala Groups) in the eastern part of the Cameros basin are investigated at seven localities. The lowest-grade assemblage, located on the southern border of the basin, contains calcite + quartz + hematite + kaolinite + mixed-layer illite-smectite (R = 1, 65 85% illite layers) + discrete illite (IC = 0.5 0.65Δ°2θ). Systematic increases in the illite and chlorite crystallinities suggest increasing metamorphic grade from the northwest part of the basin to the southeast. This trend does not follow the pattern previously described for the overlying late Berriasian–early Aptian sediments (Urbión and Enciso Groups), which exhibit a higher metamorphic grade. This may result from local variations in sedimentary facies, as well as the circulation of hot migratory fluids. Tertiary compression occurring long after the main metamorphic event is considered to be responsible for the enhanced illite and chlorite crystallinities measured in the SE extreme of the basin.

Download Full-text

Clay mineral variations associated with diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism of Early Cretaceous sediments in the Cameros Basin, Spain

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.1995.030.2.04 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 119-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

J. F. Barrenechea ◽

M. Rodas ◽

J. R. Mas

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Early Cretaceous ◽

Sudden Change ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Low Grade ◽

Depositional Sequence ◽

Depositional Sequences ◽

Mineral Assemblages ◽

Cameros Basin ◽

Main Factor

AbstractThe clay mineral distribution in the Early Cretaceous depositional sequences along the Cameros Basin has been established on the basis of XRD traces and TEM/EDAX analyses. Samples from the Latest Berriasian-Barremian depositional sequences are characteristic of epimetamorphic conditions. Illite ‘crystallinities’ are broader than expected (0.35–0.490°Δ2θ), due to the consistent presence of K-mica-paragonite mixed-layer and discrete paragonite associated with the illite 10 Å peak. The Late Barremian-Early Aptian depositional sequence, around the depocentral sector of the basin, represents a sudden change to anchimetamorphic conditions, marked by the presence of pyrophyllite and rectorite and by a significant decrease in the A1IV content of the chlorites. Towards the northwestern border of the basin, this sequence was affected by deep diagenetic conditions, as deduced from the clay mineral association and the ‘crystallinity’ values (0.57°Δ2θ). The changes in the clay mineral assemblages and ‘crystallinity’ data can hardly be explained in terms of the varying burial depth and are related to changes in the circulation of fluids associated with varying facies (modal composition, grain size). Permeability is regarded as the main factor controlling the circulation of these migratory fluids.

Download Full-text

Comparative study of the transition between very low-grade and low-grade metamorphism in siliciclastic and carbonate sediments: Early Cretaceous, Cameros Basin (northern Spain)

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.1995.030.4.12 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 407-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

J. Alonso-Azcarate ◽

J. F. Barrenechea ◽

M. Rodas ◽

J. R. Mas

Keyword(s):

Early Cretaceous ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Low Grade ◽

Carbonate Sediments ◽

Northern Spain ◽

Grade Metamorphism ◽

Mineral Assemblages ◽

Great Heterogeneity ◽

Cameros Basin ◽

Facies Types

AbstractThe transition between very low-grade and low-grade metamorphism has been studied in the Urbión and Enciso Groups of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Cameros basin (NE Spain). The ‘illite crystallinity’ (IC) values do not appear to be controlled by burial depth but rather by: (1) XRD overlap with other phases (e.g. paragonite and mixed-layered muscovite-paragonite) in the siliciclastic samples; (2) the presence of carbonates, which delay illitization, resulting in an increase in the IC values, that becomes more pronounced as the P-T conditions decrease towards the diagenesis zone; and (3) the permeability of the sediments, which controls the circulation of metamorphic fluids and therefore the distribution of ‘crystallinities’ and mineral assemblages within the basin.The anchizone is represented by a narrow range of ‘chlorite crystallinity’ (ChC) values. Therefore, ChC is a less sensitive parameter than IC for estimating changes from diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic conditions. However, ChC can be a useful tool when there is a great heterogeneity of facies types, as it is not affected by the presence of carbonates.

Download Full-text

Clay mineral assemblages as palaeoclimatic indicators in a shallowing carbonate lacustrine system: Oligocene- Miocene, central Ebro Basin (NE Spain)

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.2011.046.3.355 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 355-370

Author(s):

M. J. Mayayo ◽

A. Yuste ◽

A. Luzόn ◽

B. Bauluz

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Association Analysis ◽

Chemical Weathering ◽

Clay Mineralogy ◽

Source Area ◽

Ebro Basin ◽

Humid Climate ◽

Sem And Tem ◽

Mineral Assemblages ◽

Ne Spain

AbstractThis paper focuses on the clay mineralogy (using XRD, SEM and TEM methods) of the lacustrine “Calizas de Torrente de Cinca” unit that represents the Oligocene-Miocene transition in the central part of the Ebro Basin (NE Spain). Phyllosilicates are mainly detrital although Mgsmectites could have been generated in the lake.Although a temperate, relatively humid climate dominated the source area during the Oligocene-Miocene transition (Chattian-Aquitanian), as deduced by detrital phyllosilicates assemblage, mineralogical vertical trends along with sedimentological studies indicate some changes.Relatively warmer and more humid conditions during the late Chattian, that favoured increasing chemical weathering, were replaced during the early Aquitanian by drier conditions coinciding with the Mi-1 glaciation effects; this change is coeval with a transition from deeper to shallower lacustrine facies.Phyllosilicate association analysis has also permitted an improvement in the palaeogeographical sketch and infers that the Pyrenees are the main source area for the lacustrine system.

Download Full-text

The foreland state at the onset of the flexurally induced transgression: data from provenance analysis at the peripheral Carpathian Foredeep (Czech Republic)

Geologica Carpathica ◽

10.2478/geoca-2019-0014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 241-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Slavomír Nehyba ◽

Jiří Otava ◽

Pavla Tomanová Petrová ◽

Adéla Gazdová

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Sedimentary Cover ◽

Source Area ◽

High Energy ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Local Source ◽

Provenance Analysis ◽

Extended Source ◽

Facies Associations ◽

Carpathian Foredeep

Abstract The Žerotice Formation recognised in a confined area NE–SE of Znojmo represents a basal member of the sedimentary succession of the southwestern margin of the Carpathian Foredeep in Moravia (Czech Republic). Two facies associations were recognised within the formation. The first one mantles the pre-Neogene basement with an irregular unconformity, reflects arid climatic conditions and deposition of episodic shallow, high-energy stream flows and/or mass flows (alluvial to fluvial deposits). The second facies association is interpreted as lagoonal to distal flood plain deposits. The barren unfossiliferous deposits of the Žerotice Formation are covered by nearshore marine Eggenburgian deposits. The boundary between these deposits represents a sequence boundary (i.e. the basal forebulge unconformity). Detailed provenance studies of successive beds below and above this sequence boundary showed differences in the source area and paleodrainage. Both the local primary crystalline rocks (Moravian and Moldanubian Unit, Thaya Batholith) and older sedimentary cover (especially Permo–Carboniferous sedimentary rocks) form the source of the Žerotice Formation. All these geological units are located only a few km away from the preserved areal extent of the deposits of the Žerotice Formation (short transport and a local source). The source areas of the overlying marine Eggenburgian beds are located far more to the W and NW in the Moldanubian and Moravian Units (longer transport, extended source area). Local confined preservation of the Žerotice Formation is preliminarily explained as connected with a tectonically predisposed paleovalley.

Download Full-text

First Data on Clay Mineral Assemblages and Geochemical Characteristics of Toarcian Sedimentation in the umbriamarche basin (central italy)

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.1993.028.2.10 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 297-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

M. Ortega-Huertas ◽

P. Monaco ◽

I. Palomo

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Central Italy ◽

Source Area ◽

Geochemical Characteristics ◽

High Rate ◽

Shallow Marine ◽

Betic Cordilleras ◽

Eu Anomaly ◽

Mineral Assemblages ◽

Weathering Process

AbstractA moderate to high rate of clay sedimentation is characteristic of the Toarcian sequences in the Umbria-Marche basin. The clay mineral assemblages and geochemical characteristics indicate that the Marne di Monte Serrone Formation and the Rosso Ammonitico Umbro-Marchigiano Unit were deposited in a shallow marine environment. In this general palaeogeographic scheme, a reducing subenvironment must have exsisted in which black shale-type facies were deposited resulting in geochemical anomalies in As, Sb, Zn, Co, Cu, Pb, V, Cr, and Ba, among other elements. The high values of both the detrital index and the Ce/Ce* ratio reveal the influence of proximal emerged reliefs. It is suggested that the palaeosoils that developed on the Liassic carbonate Laziale-Abuzzese platform were the source area of these sediments, following a palaeogeographic scheme analogous to that proposed for the Betic Cordilleras (Spain) during the Middle Domerian to Middle Toarcian. The positive and negative Eu anomalies are due to the decisive influence of the weathering process in which sediments with heterogeneous Eu anomaly size were mixed. The final distribution pattern of REE is the result of the different environments to which the clay minerals were subjected and the differences in intensity of weathering.

Download Full-text

Diagenesis of the Central Basque-Cantabrian Basin (Iberian Peninsula) based on illite-smectite distribution

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.1991.026.4.08 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 535-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. Aróstegui ◽

M. C. Zuluaga ◽

F. Velasco ◽

M. Ortega-Huertas ◽

F. Nieto

Keyword(s):

Clay Minerals ◽

General Scheme ◽

Source Area ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Kübler Index ◽

Mineral Assemblages ◽

Diagenetic Evolution ◽

Opening And Closing ◽

Gradual Transformation ◽

Basque Cantabrian Basin

AbstractX-ray diffraction was used to analyse the distribution of clay minerals in the <2 µm fraction of the lutitic and marly facies from the centre of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin (Basque Arc), where the sedimentary section is 2000 to 10,000 m thick. Most of the deposits were laid down during the Cretaceous and Paleogene and were related to the opening and closing of the Bay of Biscay. The most noteworthy variations are in kaolinite, smectite and mixed-layered (R = 0, R = 1 and R ≥ 3) illite-smectite, which can be ascribed both to provenance and to diagenesis. A general diminution in expandability is related to the gradual transformation of smectite to illite from south to north, and with depth. Temperature, residence time and chemical activity during diagenesis are the factors that had greatest influence on the changes in the original mineral assemblages inherited from the source area. On the basis of the clay minerals and the Kübler index, a general scheme is proposed for the diagenetic evolution of the area from the initial stages to anchimetamorphism.

Download Full-text

Clay mineral studies of the Tripoli Formation (Lower Messinian), Sicily

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.1988.023.3.08 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 309-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

E. Azzaro ◽

A. Bellanca ◽

R. Neri

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Clay Minerals ◽

Clay Mineral ◽

Early Diagenesis ◽

Isotopic Data ◽

Mineral Assemblages ◽

Wide Variability ◽

Dioctahedral Smectite ◽

Primary Composition

AbstractThe characterization of clay mineral assemblages in the diatomite-dominated Tripoli Formation (Lower Messinian, central Sicily) has resulted in delineation of suites dominated by generally well-crystallized dioctahedral smectite and illite of low crystallinity, with lesser amounts of kaolinite and chlorite. These minerals are thought to have a mainly detrital origin related to the calcareous and marly formations exposed in the margins of the depositional area. Vertical fluctuations of the montmorillonite/illite ratio and changes of the crystallinity and chemical composition of these phyllosilicates support environmental interpretations from isotopic data of associated carbonates, and point to a wide variability of depositional conditions ranging from evaporating to brackish. Early diagenesis of the clay minerals was controlled by the primary composition of the sediment which, in turn, affected the porewater chemistry.

Download Full-text

A review on the characterization of sediment provenance sources in the southwestern East Sea

Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences ◽

10.46326/jmes.2020.61(5).02 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 61 (5) ◽

pp. 11-19

Author(s):

Sang Nhu Pham ◽

Bat Van Dang ◽

Hiep Huu Nguyen ◽

Chi Kim Thi Ngo ◽

Binh Van Phan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Chemical Weathering ◽

East Sea ◽

Granitic Rocks ◽

Sediment Provenance ◽

The Tibetan Plateau ◽

Provenance Analysis ◽

Mekong Basin ◽

Mineral Assemblages

Characteristics of sediment provenance in the southwestern East Sea The southwestern East Sea is a significant area for investigating marine geology and it has drawn many attentions from geoscientists. In this study, clay mineral assemblages of some sediment cores derived from the southwestern East Sea, which were conducted in previous studies were used to review characterization of sediment provenance in this area. Sediment compositions in the southwestern East Sea consist mostly of smectite (11÷58%), illite (19÷45%), and less abundance kaolinite (11÷29%), chlorite (10÷25%). Based on clay mineral assemblages, provenance analysis indicates that the Mekong River can mainly transport terrigenous sediments to the southwestern East Sea. Illite and chlorite have likely been reduced by physical weathering of the metamorphic and granitic rocks in the Tibetan Plateau. Kaolinite has primarily been released by chemical erosion of the K-feldspar rich bed rocks in the middle part of the Mekong Basin. However, smectite has been basically derived by chemical weathering of the parent basaltic rock in the middle to lower reaches of the Mekong Basin.

Download Full-text

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100055126 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 576-577

Author(s):

W. W. Barker ◽

W. E. Rigsby ◽

V. J. Hurst ◽

W. J. Humphreys

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Organic Molecule ◽

Organic Molecules ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Xrd Pattern ◽

X Ray ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Silicate Layers ◽

Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

Download Full-text