scholarly journals Murine neonatal recent thymic emigrants are phenotypically and functionally distinct from adult recent thymic emigrants

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 113 (22) ◽  
pp. 5635-5643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon J. Opiela ◽  
Tulay Koru-Sengul ◽  
Becky Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Recent Thymic Emigrants ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Interleukin 7 ◽  
Th2 Cytokine ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Strain ◽  
First Time ◽  
Kinetics Of

In contrast to adults, the murine neonatal CD4+ compartment contains a high frequency of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs). However, the functional capabilities of these cells in neonates are relatively unknown. Moreover, it has not been determined whether RTEs from neonates and adults are comparable. Here we have directly compared neonatal and adult CD4+ RTEs for the first time, using a transgenic mouse strain that allows for the identification and purification of RTEs. Our data demonstrate that RTEs from murine neonates and adults are phenotypically and functionally distinct. In particular, although the magnitude of RTEs cytokine responses from both age groups is dependent on the conditions of activation, neonatal RTEs always exhibited higher levels of effector Th1/Th2 cytokine production than adult RTEs. In addition, neonatal, but not adult, RTEs showed early proliferation in response to stimulation with interleukin-7 alone. This was associated with faster kinetics of interleukin-7Rα down-regulation and higher levels of pSTAT5 in neonatal RTEs. These quantitative and qualitative differences in the neonatal and adult RTEs populations may at least partially explain the diverse responses that are elicited in vivo in neonates in response to different conditions of antigen exposure.

scholarly journals Reactive Oxygen Species Registration in Planarian Regeneration

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kh. P. Tiras ◽  
S. V. Gudkov ◽  
V. I. Emelyanenko ◽  
K. B. Aslanidi
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Planarian Regeneration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dying Cells ◽  
First Time ◽  
Kinetics Of

<p class="1Body">Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are directly involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in a variety of organisms. We studied kinetics of own luminescence induced by changes of ROS in early stages of planarian regeneration. Kinetics of chemiluminescence were measured in intact planarians and the same individuals after decapitation within 15 hours. We analyzed the traumatic fluorescent signal obtained as the difference between kinetics of intact and decapitated planarians. It was found that regeneration is accompanied by changes in the content of ROS correlated with the energy-intensive process in regenerating planarians. Oxidative stress was caused by damage to cell membranes in the dissection of the planarian and it was accompanied by a drop in the intensity of luminescence with a time constant of about 3.6 hours. Phagocytosis of dying cells by neoblasts was accompanied by an increase of the luminescence intensity after 2 - 3 hours after decapitation. Neoblast mitosis was described by two maximums of luminescence over 5.1 hours and 8.3 hours after decapitation. For the first time we demonstrated the opportunity of registering the physiological state of pluripotent stem cells at the level of the organism <em>in vivo</em>.</p>

IN VIVO DEPLETION OF CD8+ T CELLS RESULTS IN Th2 CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND ALTERNATE MECHANISMS OF ALLOGRAFT REJECTION

1995 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155-1161
Author(s):  
SHERRI Y. CHAN ◽  
LISA A. DEBRUYNE ◽  
RICHARD E. GOODMAN ◽  
ERNST J. EICHWALD ◽  
D. KEITH BISHOP
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Allograft Rejection ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Th2 Cytokine

In vitro assessment of the immunomodulatory effects of multispecies probiotic formulations for management of allergic diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.B.M.M. Rutten ◽  
I. Besseling-Van der Vaart ◽  
M. Klein ◽  
S. De Roock ◽  
A. Vlieger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Bifidobacterium Lactis ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Human Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Th2 Cytokine ◽  
Better Than

Modulation of the composition of the intestinal microbiota with probiotics could possibly offer a way of prevention or management of allergic diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the immunomodulating effects of various multispecies probiotic combinations in vitro, as preamble to application in vivo. Multispecies probiotic combinations were formulated and tested for their effects on in vitro cytokine production by human mononuclear cells and were compared to products that already have shown beneficial effects in vivo. All 4 tested combinations of probiotics showed a 40-71% decrease of Th2 cytokine production (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and a variable increase of Th1 (IFN-γ) and Treg cytokine (IL-10) production compared to the medium. A specific probiotic mixture that contained Bifidobacterium breve W25, Bifidobacterium lactis ATCC SD 5219, B. lactis ATCC SD 5220, Lactobacillus plantarum W62, Lactobacillus salivarius W57 and Lactococcus lactis W19 was superior in its stimulating effect on IL-10 production (significant better than the other tested combinations; P=0.001). Modulation of in vitro cytokine production profiles can be used to differentiate between selected probiotic formulations for their immunomodulatory properties. In the future it should be demonstrated whether the immunomodulatory capacities from the multispecies probiotic formulation with the desired profile will be effective in vivo (in adolescents, followed by application in children).

scholarly journals Direct inhibition of CD40L expression can contribute to the clinical efficacy of daclizumab independently of its effects on cell division and Th1/Th2 cytokine production

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 5399-5406 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Snyder ◽  
Jijia Shen ◽  
Hooman Azmi ◽  
Jeannie Hou ◽  
Daniel H. Fowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Effector Cell ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
T Regulatory Cell ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Th2 Cytokine ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
Cd40l Expression

Abstract Humanized anti-CD25 antibodies (eg, daclizumab) have been successfully used to treat several autoimmune diseases. Paradoxically, IL-2 blockade in mice can induce autoimmunity. An interspecies difference in the relative contribution of IL-2 to CD25+ T regulatory cell (CD25+Treg) versus CD25+ effector cell function might explain this conundrum. Consistent with this are reports that daclizumab inhibits human CD25+ effector cell cytokine production by blocking the expression of CD40L. However, in mice, IL-4 and IL-12 regulate CD40L expression. As human Th1/Th2 cytokine production is also dependent on IL-2, daclizumab's inhibition of CD40L expression could be due to an indirect, rather than a direct, effect of IL-2. Here, we clarify the mechanisms underlying CD40L expression. In contrast to the mouse, human CD40L is regulated by CD28 signaling and IL-2, not the principal Th1/Th2-polarizing cytokines. We find that CD40L is expressed on naive and memory cells and inhibited by daclizumab independently of cell division. Collectively, our results indicate that daclizumab could inhibit CD25+ effector T-cell function in vivo by directly blocking CD40L expression. This difference between mice and human may help explain the paradoxical effects of IL-2R blockade in the 2 species.

scholarly journals Cardamonin Inhibits Oxazolone-Induced Atopic Dermatitis by the Induction of NRF2 and the Inhibition of Th2 Cytokine Production

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 834
Author(s):  
Ok-Kyung Yoo ◽  
Won Jun Choi ◽  
Young-Sam Keum
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Natural Compound ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Oxidative Damages ◽  
Th2 Cytokine

The skin is constantly exposed to various types of chemical stresses that challenge the immune cells, leading to the activation of T cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions including atopic dermatitis. Previous studies have demonstrated that a variety of natural compounds are effective against development of atopic dermatitis by modulating immune responses. Cardamonin is a natural compound abundantly found in cardamom spices and many other medicinal plant species. In the present study, we attempted to examine whether cardamonin could inhibit oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis in vivo. Our results show that topical application of cardamonin onto the ear of mice suppressed oxazolone-induced inflammation in the ear and hyperplasia in the spleen. Cardamonin also inhibited oxazolone-induced destruction of connective tissues and subsequent infiltration of mast cells into the skin. In addition, we found that the production of Th2 cytokines is negatively regulated by NRF2, and the induction of NRF2 by cardamonin contributed to suppressing oxazolone-induced Th2 cytokine production and oxidative damages in vivo. Together, our results demonstrate that cardamonin is a promising natural compound, which might be effective for treatment of atopic dermatitis.

scholarly journals IN VIVO DEPLETION OF CD8+ T CELLS RESULTS IN Th2 CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND ALTERNATE MECHANISMS OF ALLOGRAFT REJECTION

1995 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHERRI Y. CHAN ◽  
LISA A. DEBRUYNE ◽  
RICHARD E. GOODMAN ◽  
ERNST J. EICHWALD ◽  
D. KEITH BISHOP
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Allograft Rejection ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Th2 Cytokine

scholarly journals Gravity Affects the Closure of the Traps inDionaea muscipula

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Pandolfi ◽  
Elisa Masi ◽  
Boris Voigt ◽  
Sergio Mugnai ◽  
Dieter Volkmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Carnivorous Plant ◽  
Venus Flytrap ◽  
Dionaea Muscipula ◽  
Fast Movement ◽  
First Time ◽  
Kinetics Of

Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipulaEllis) is a carnivorous plant known for its ability to capture insects thanks to the fast snapping of its traps. This fast movement has been long studied and it is triggered by the mechanical stimulation of hairs, located in the middle of the leaves. Here we present detailed experiments on the effect of microgravity on trap closure recorded for the first time during a parabolic flight campaign. Our results suggest that gravity has an impact on trap responsiveness and on the kinetics of trap closure. The possible role of the alterations of membrane permeability induced by microgravity on trap movement is discussed. Finally we show how the Venus flytrap could be an easy and effective model plant to perform studies on ion channels and aquaporin activities, as well as on electrical activityin vivoon board of parabolic flights and large diameter centrifuges.

scholarly journals Violaxanthin conversion by recombinant diatom and plant de-epoxidases, expressed in Escherichia coli – comparative analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Olchawa-Pajor ◽  
Monika Bojko ◽  
Wojciech Strzałka ◽  
Kazimierz Strzałka ◽  
Dariusz Latowski
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Metal Affinity ◽  
Comparable Activity ◽  
First Time ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Reading Frames

The purpose of this research was to obtain recombinant violaxanthin de-epoxidases (VDEs) from two species. The first one was VDE of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (WT Columbia strain) (AtVDE) which in vivo catalyzes conversion of violaxanthin (Vx) to zeaxanthin (Zx) via anteraxanthin (Ax). The second one was VDE of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, 1897 (CCAP 1055/1 strain) (PtVDE) which is responsible for de-epoxidation of diadinoxanthin (Ddx) to diatoxanthin (Dtx). As the first step of our experiments, open reading frames coding for studied enzymes were amplified and subsequently cloned into pET-15b plasmid. For recombinant proteins production Escherichia coli Origami b strain was used. The molecular weight of the produced enzymes were estimated approximately at 45kDa and 50kDa for AtVDE and PtVDE, respectively. Both enzymes, purified under native conditions by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, displayed comparable activity in assay mixture and converted up to 90% Vx in 10 min in two steps enzymatic de-epoxidation, irrespective of enzyme origin. No statistically significant differences were observed when kinetics of the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes were compared. Putative role of selected amino-acid residues of AtVDE and PtVDE was also considered. The significance of the first time obtained recombinant PtVDE as a useful tool in various comparative investigations of de-epoxidation reactions in main types of xanthophyll cycles existing in nature are also indicated.

Immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides trigger an antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell and IgG2a response

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 2953-2960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Bourquin ◽  
Laura Schmidt ◽  
Veit Hornung ◽  
Cornelia Wurzenberger ◽  
David Anz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Interferon Α ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
First Time

AbstractSingle-stranded RNA oligonucleotides containing an immunostimulatory motif (immunostimulatory RNA [isRNA]) are potent inducers of interferon-α via the Toll-like receptor 7. We investigated the effect of isRNA on the development of an immune response. We show that isRNA activates dendritic cells and induces production of Th1-type cytokines both in vitro and in vivo. Cytokine production led to bystander activation of T and B cells. We further demonstrate that isRNA triggers the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and of an IgG2a-biased antibody response to antigen in a sequence-dependent manner. In summary, we provide evidence for the first time that isRNA oligonucleotides can simultaneously activate the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system.

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