The Concentration and Separation Of Blood Components Using Acoustic Radiation Force

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 3665-3665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R Kennedy ◽  
Tyler Gerhardson ◽  
Brianna Sporbert ◽  
Dane Mealey ◽  
Michael J Rust ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Acoustic Radiation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Acoustic Standing Wave

Abstract The concentration of whole blood has a wide spectrum of medical uses, especially in blood transfusions for patients suffering acute blood loss from trauma or surgery. However, current methods rely on centrifugation, which has a tendency to cause fragmentation and deformation of cells. Acoustic standing waves are considered to be a gentler means to concentrate blood cells, but generally suffer from flow rate limitations of >103fold, functioning only on the microscale. To address this issue, we have developed a novel ultrasound technology that works at the macroscale, enabling it to process flow rates that would typically be required to handle medically relevant volumes. In this study, we have applied the principles of acoustic radiation at the macroscale to re-concentrate 10X diluted porcine blood by trapping the blood cells within a standing wave, resulting in the clumping of cells and platelets, ultimately leading to enhanced gravitational settling. Complete blood counts were measured with a VetScan HM5 hematology analyzer. Using an acoustic force generated by power levels up to 25 Watts, no lysing was observed in any of the experiments. The inlet flow rate through the device was 16 ml/min, and the concentrate flow rate of the blood components was typically 1 ml/min. The transducer was a 2 MHz PZT-8 operating at 10 W, and it was oriented to create an acoustic standing wave perpendicular to the flow direction. Results indicate successful capture of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets with separation efficiencies in excess of 90% in a single pass. Furthermore, the blood components were all reconcentrated back to levels similar to those in whole blood. Subsequent experiments and conditions have allowed for the separation of blood components, suggesting that the future development of acoustic methods to perform blood re-concentration procedures such as erythropheresis, leukapheresis and plateletpheresis in a gentler manner than current methods holds great promise. With almost 15 million transfusions performed each year in the United States, this technology has the potential to make a significant impact on the medical community, particularly for treatment of critically ill patients. Additionally, the novel technology has also demonstrated performance in separating lipid particles from blood, thus indicating its utility for reducing the occurrence of lipid microemboli during re-transfusion of shed blood in cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries, which have been linked with post-operative neurocognitive complications. As a result, the novel acoustophoretic technology may become a general purpose platform for achieving separation in a variety of biomedical applications. Disclosures: Mealey: Flo Design Sonics: Employment. Lipkens:Flo Design Sonics: Equity Ownership.

SEPARATING PLASMA AND BLOOD CELLS BY DIELECTROPHORESIS IN MICROFLUIDIC CHIPS

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
TZONG-SHYNG LEU ◽  
ZHI-FENG LIAO
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sample ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Inlet Flow Rate ◽  
Side Walls ◽  
Whole Blood Sample

In this paper, a dielectrophoretic (DEP) micro separator is studied for plasma-blood separation. DEP forces created by non-uniform electric fields are used as deflected forces to deplete blood cells from side walls at a given inlet flow rate ( Qin ). Then one can extract plasma through a microchannel on side wall at certain extraction flow rate ( Qp ). In this experiment, saline isotonic solution is chosen as dilute solution for whole blood. The minimum dilute ratio (whole blood: saline dilute) is found to be 1:3 for DEP to substantially deplete blood cells from side walls. Exraction of plasma from whole blood sample by DEP force is also investigated. Experimental results show blood cells do not enter side channel by DEP force at inlet flow rate Qin =0.5 μ1/ min when plasma extract flow rates is Qp ≤ 0.3 μ1/ min . By calculating pure plasma extraction volume fraction, the efficiency in current experiment can reach as high as 20% if dilute ratio 1:3 of whole blood sample is considered.

PARTICLE TRANSPORT ACROSS BI-FLUID INTERFACE USING ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 1397-1400
Author(s):  
YANG LIU ◽  
KIAN-MENG LIM
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Acoustic Radiation ◽  
Radiation Force ◽  
Acoustic Radiation Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Micro Particles ◽  
Acoustic Standing Wave ◽  
Micro Flow

A bi-fluid micro-flow system is proposed for separating particles from its original solvent and re-diluting them into another solvent simultaneously. In this micro-flow system, two different miscible solvents flow parallel to each other through a 2-inlet-2-outlet micro-channel, where an acoustic standing wave is set up. Due to the differences in acoustic properties of these solvents, the pressure node of the acoustic wave is shifted from the middle line of the channel. Under the action of the acoustic radiation force, particles with positive ϕ-factors are extracted from their original solvent and re-suspended into the other solvent, wherein the pressure node resides. Particles suspended in the new solvent are collected at one of the two outlets downstream. Experiments were conducted on a prototype using two aqueous solutions: deionized water and 40% glycerin aqueous solution with polystyrene micro-particles. The results show that under the action of the acoustic standing wave, most of the particles were successfully transported from its original solvent to the other solvent and collected at the outlet.

scholarly journals Investigation into the Effect of Acoustic Radiation Force and Acoustic Streaming on Particle Patterning in Acoustic Standing Wave Fields

Sensors ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilei Liu ◽  
Yanye Yang ◽  
Zhengyang Ni ◽  
Xiasheng Guo ◽  
Linjiao Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Acoustic Radiation ◽  
Acoustic Streaming ◽  
Radiation Force ◽  
Acoustic Radiation Force ◽  
Wave Fields ◽  
Acoustic Standing Wave

scholarly journals Effect of Storage on Levels of Nitric Oxide Derivatives in Blood Components.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2884-2884
Author(s):  
Fabiola G. Rizzatti ◽  
David Stroncek ◽  
Melissa Qazi ◽  
Nathawut Sibmooh ◽  
Barbora Piknova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Transfusion Therapy ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Nitric Oxide Metabolites

Abstract The important role of erythrocytes in nitric oxide (NO) physiology changed the traditional view of the red blood cells (RBC) as only a carrier of oxygen and carbon monoxide. Nitrite is a primary oxidative NO metabolite and is considered a major intravascular storage pool for NO. In the vascular system, erythrocytes are the major storage sites of nitrite, which can be activated to NO by deoxyhemoglobin, but also are responsible for its rapid destruction after reaction with oxyhemoglobin.The purpose of this study was to quantify the nitric oxide metabolites, nitrite and nitrate, in red blood cells (RBCs) stored as packed cells or whole blood and to evaluate their levels with the time of storage. Whole blood, leukoreduced, and non-leukoreduced packed RBCs were obtained from healthy volunteer donors and were stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags to up to 42 days at 4°C. Sequential aliquots were taken from the bags using a liquid transfer set to maintain sterile conditions. Nitrite and nitrate were measured in the whole blood and in RBC components using reductive gas phase chemiluminescence. Nitrite concentrations decreased during the storage in the three blood components analyzed. The nitrite concentration in RBCs before storage was 202±45 nM, but fell rapidly upon storage. In the leukoreduced RBCs, nitrite levels were 81±36 nM on day 1 and 51±8 nM on day 42. The concentration of nitrate remained stable during blood storage, 30±14 uM on day 1 and 33±5 uM on day 42 of storage. The pH decreased slightly in all three blood components during storage, from pH 6.7±0.05 on day 1 to 6.5±0 on day 42. The blood pO2 before storage was 40.5±1.5 and increased to 251±4 mmHg on day 42, presumably due to the diffusion of oxygen from the room air. In control experiments, PVC bags were filled with normal saline used for medical purposes and stored up to 42 days at 4°C in room air; nitrite concentrations gradually increased while nitrate values remained stable. Similar results were observed for nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the non-leukoreduced RBCs and whole blood. Both cells and saline controls maintained in an argon chamber at 4°C for 42 days showed decreased levels of nitrite when compared to the bags stored in room air under the same temperature. Our results show that nitrite levels fall in hemocomponents during blood bank storage, nitrate remains stable, while pH decreases and pO2 increases. The decrease in nitrite levels could be explained either by its reaction with oxyhemoglobin, resulting in nitrate and methemoglobin, or with deoxyhemoglobin. The diffusion of oxides of nitrogen gases through the PVC bags could in part explain why nitrite levels do not completely disappear in the RBCs stored for transfusion, under standard transfusion medicine conditions. As erythrocytes may contribute to the control of blood flow and oxygen delivery through reduction of nitrite to NO under hypoxic conditions, our findings may provide insight into the vasodynamic effects of blood transfusion. These measurements of NO derivatives may have implication for transfusion therapy, explaining some adverse effects of RBC transfusion and/or optimizing the preservation of stored hemocomponents.

Cell-Derived Microparticles in Blood Products from Thalassemic Blood Donors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egarit Noulsri ◽  
Surada Lerdwana ◽  
Duangdao Palasuwan ◽  
Attakorn Palasuwan
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
Thalassemia Trait ◽  
Routine Procedures

Abstract Objective To determine the number of cell-derived microparticles (MPs) in blood products obtained from donors who have thalassemia. Methods Packed red blood cells (PRBCs), plasma, and platelet concentrate (PC) were prepared according to routine procedures. We used flow cytometry to quantitate the concentration of MPs. Results The results of a comparison of MP levels in unprocessed whole blood showed that the concentration of all MPs in the donors without thalassemia trait (n = 255) was higher than in donors with thalassemia trait (n = 70). After processing, increased concentrations of MPs were documented in both groups. Among the blood components, PRBC showed higher platelet-derived MP concentrations in donors with thalassemia than in donors without thalassemia. However, PC showed higher concentrations of total MPs in donors without thalassemia than in donors with that condition. Conclusions Our results suggest little influence of thalassemia-trait status on changes in MP concentrations in blood components.

scholarly journals Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans in Blood Plasma and Whole Blood

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Sousa ◽  
Ana T. P. C. Gomes ◽  
Américo Freitas ◽  
Maria A. F. Faustino ◽  
Maria G. P. M. S. Neves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Photodynamic Inactivation ◽  
Blood Components

The few approved disinfection techniques for blood derivatives promote damage in the blood components, representing risks for the transfusion receptor. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) seems to be a promising approach for the photoinactivation of pathogens in blood, but only three photosensitizers (PSs) have been approved, methylene blue (MB) for plasma and riboflavin and amotosalen for plasma and platelets. In this study, the efficiency of the porphyrinic photosensitizer Tri-Py(+)-Me and of the porphyrinic formulation FORM was studied in the photoinactivation of Candida albicans in plasma and in whole blood and the results were compared to the ones obtained with the already approved PS MB. The results show that FORM and Tri-Py(+)-Me are promising PSs to inactivate C. albicans in plasma. Although in whole blood the inactivation rates obtained were higher than the ones obtained with MB, further improvements are required. None of these PSs had promoted hemolysis at the isotonic conditions when hemolysis was evaluated in whole blood and after the addition of treated plasma with these PSs to concentrates of red blood cells.

Red Blood Cells Preserve Platelet Function and Coagulation From The Effects Of Acidemia

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 4765-4765
Author(s):  
James E Campbell ◽  
Melanie V Valeciana ◽  
Armando C Rodriguez ◽  
James K Aden ◽  
Michael A Meledeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Component ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Significant Delay ◽  
Platelet Poor Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Large Vessels

Despite a large body of literature regarding Acute Coagulopathy of Trauma and Massive Transfusion, there is little consensus on the appropriate diagnostic approach to establish the cause of associated uncontrolled bleeding. Thromboelastography (TEG) is widely used to characterize trauma-associated bleeding. However, the use of whole blood in this assay may obscure important changes in blood component hemostatic function. Blood varies in hematocrit from a typical level of 40% in large vessels to 10% in capillaries. Patients with persistent bleeding may present with prolonged prothrombin time (PT)/activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) measured in plasma, but unremarkable TEG tracings measured in whole blood drawn from a large vein. As one of the only ubiquitously accepted causes of a bleeding coagulopathy associated with trauma, acidemia was modeled in TEG to investigate 1) the differential coagulopathy detection obtained by separation of blood components before TEG testing, 2) the range of acidemia effects at various levels of the vascular tree through variable hematocrit testing, and 3) effects of replacing RBCs with plasma versus normal saline. Male donor blood (n=5) was drawn into citrate and the contact pathway was immediately further inhibited with corn trypsin inhibitor. TEG cups were preloaded with appropriate volumes of [morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid buffered saline (MBS) for pH 7.4, pH 7.1, pH 6.8 and were recalcified (15mM). R-time parameters were not significantly different when whole blood (WB) or red blood cells combined with platelet poor plasma (RBC/PPP) were activated to clot with tissue factor (1:5000 dilution induced a normal 4 minute clot time) in the simulated acidemia, whereas platelet poor plasma (PPP) showed a significant delay at pH 7.1 (p<0.0001) and pH 6.8 (p<0.0001) when compared to pH 7.4. Shear Elastic Modulus Strength showed only significant losses in platelet rich plasma (PRP: pH 7.4 vs pH 7.1; p=0.013, pH 7.1 vs pH 6.8; p=0.015) but not WB, RBC/PPP, or PPP. Hematocrit levels were chosen to model typical changes from large to small vessels, in the presence of 200,000 platelets/microliter, where the volume of RBCs was replaced with plasma. Results indicate that zero hematocrit conditions result in a significant R-time delay (pH 7.4 vs pH 7.1; p=0.0306, pH 7.1 vs pH 6.8; p<0.0001) whereas no significant delays occur at 20%, 30%, and 40% hematocrit. Utilization of normal saline for RBC replacement did not alter any of the 20%, 30%, or 40% hematocrit R-time findings yet zero % hematocrit samples (pH 7.1; 12.9+/-1.64 minutes, pH 6.8; 34.98+/-4.03 minutes) were significantly delayed (p<0.0001) when compared to plasma replacement of RBC (pH 7.1; 8.22+/-0.70 minutes, pH 6.8;13.98+/-1.54 minutes). Subsequent biochemical evaluation of whole blood (n=5) activated to clot in conditions of acidemia (pH 7.4, pH 7.1, pH 6.8) showed no significant delay or reduced peak of thrombin generation, no significant difference in factor V activation or fibrinopeptide A cleavage. Data indicate that 1) separation of blood components allows a more sensitive parsing mechanism for TEG evaluation of coagulation in acidemia, 2) simulated capillary blood containing low hematocrit demonstrates the anti-coagulant effects of acidemia obscured in whole blood from large vessels with normal hematocrit, 3) resuscitation with normal saline may exacerbate microvascular bleeding in the acidemic patient, and 4) RBCs prevent delays in clot initiation and loss of platelet force generation in the presence of acidemia. This work provides a mechanism to explain the observation that increased hematocrit reduces microvascular bleeding. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Outer Acoustic Streaming Flow Driven by Asymmetric Acoustic Resonances

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Junjun Lei ◽  
Gaokun Zheng ◽  
Zhen Yao ◽  
Zhigang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Slip Velocity ◽  
Acoustic Pressure ◽  
Acoustic Radiation ◽  
Acoustic Streaming ◽  
Acoustic Standing Wave ◽  
Acoustic Resonances ◽  
Streaming Flows ◽  
Limiting Velocity ◽  
Streaming Flow

While boundary-driven acoustic streaming resulting from the interaction of sound, fluids and walls in symmetric acoustic resonances have been intensively studied in the literature, the acoustic streaming fields driven by asymmetric acoustic resonances remain largely unexplored. Here, we present a theoretical and numerical analysis of outer acoustic streaming flows generated over a fluid–solid interface above which a symmetric or asymmetric acoustic standing wave is established. The asymmetric standing wave is defined by a shift of acoustic pressure in its magnitude, i.e., S0, and the resulting outer acoustic streaming is analyzed using the limiting velocity method. We show that, in symmetric acoustic resonances (S0 = 0), on a slip-velocity boundary, the limiting velocities always drive fluids from the acoustic pressure node towards adjacent antinodes. In confined geometry where a slip-velocity condition is applied to two parallel walls, the characteristics of the obtained outer acoustic streaming replicates that of Rayleigh streaming. In an asymmetric standing wave where S0 ≠ 0, however, it is found that the resulting limiting velocity node (i.e., the dividing point of limiting velocities) on the slip-velocity boundary locates at a different position to acoustic pressure node and, more importantly, is shown to be independent of S0, enabling spatial separation of acoustic radiation force and acoustic streaming flows. The results show the richness of boundary-driven acoustic streaming pattern variations that arise in standing wave fields and have potentials in many microfluidics applications such as acoustic streaming flow control and particle manipulation.

scholarly journals Spectroscopic Studies of in Vitro Exposure to Low-Dose Gamma Rays from 137Cs Radioactivity on Some Human Blood Components (Plasma and Red Blood Cells)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamaporn Supawat ◽  
Watcharit Vorasiripreecha ◽  
Sakornniya Wattanapongpitak ◽  
Suchart Kothan ◽  
Montree Tungjai
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Radioactive Cesium ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Blood Samples

Abstract This current study was to determine the effects of in vitro exposure to radioactive cesium-137 on some human blood components (Plasma and red blood cells). Blood samples were given a radiation dose of 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mGy of gamma rays using a 137Cs radioactive standard source. The blood samples that were exposed to 0 mGy served as sham-controls. The spectrofluoroscopic technique was used to determine the autofluorescence spectrum of protein in plasma or red blood cells by using excitation wavelength and range of emission wavelengths at 280 nm and 300-550 nm, respectively. The spectrophotometric technique was used to determine the release of hemoglobin from the red blood cells to the supernatant. This data indicated no change in the ratio of fluorescence emission intensity at 340 nm of wavelength of protein extract from irradiated whole blood or red blood cells compared to the corresponding non-irradiated control. The results did not change in the absorption intensity at 415 nm of wavelength of hemoglobin leakage from in vitro irradiated red blood cells when compared to the corresponding non-irradiated red blood cells. These current results suggested that there were no harmful effects of the low-dose gamma rays from radioactive 137Cs on some blood components when human whole blood was exposed to gamma rays in an in vitro condition.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document