scholarly journals The Influence of Hemoglobin Concentration on the Distribution Pattern of the Volumes of Human Erythrocytes

Blood ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT I. WEED ◽  
ANTHONY J. BOWDLER
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Gaussian Distribution ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Normal Human

Abstract 1. Studies of the volume distributions of normal human, canine, and chicken erythrocytes through the use of a Model B Coulter electronic particle counter and plotter of 400 channel analyzer have confirmed that the instrument provides a true reflection of cell volume, independent of the conductivity of the medium, independent of the shape of the erythrocyte, independent of the buffers, and independent of the anticoagulants employed. 2. The non-Gaussian distribution pattern of normal human cells has been confirmed, but no evidence has been found for a distinct bimodal distribution pattern in cells which have been freshly collected, pipetted, and examined. 3. Swelling of human erythrocytes in 0.5 per cent NaCl alters the volume distribution pattern to that of a normal distribution, and the distribution pattern of hemoglobin-free ghosts in 1 per cent NaCl is more nearly symmetric than that of normal intact red cells in 1 per cent NaCl. 4. The Gaussian distribution of erythrocyte volumes in 0.5 per cent NaCl suggests a normal distribution pattern for both the critical volume and ionic content of red cells. 5. The asymmetry of red cell volume distribution at the tonicity of plasma appears related to higher intracellular osmotic activity in the smaller cells, based on the anomalous osmotic coefficient of hemoglobin. It is suggested, therefore, that skewing of the curve is related to asymmetry of the distribution pattern at the lower end of the volume spectrum, rather than the upper end.

Cell volume, K transport, and cell density in human erythrocytes

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (3) ◽  
pp. C269-C276 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Brugnara ◽  
D. C. Tosteson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Cation Content ◽  
Original Volume ◽  
Dense Fraction ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
K Transport ◽  
Hypotonic Swelling

We report here studies on the regulation of cell volume and K transport in human erythrocytes separated according to density. When cell volume was increased (isosmotic swelling, nystatin technique), erythrocytes of the least dense but not of the densest fraction shrunk back toward their original volume. This process was due to a ouabain (0.1 mM) and bumetanide (0.01 mM) (OB)-resistant K loss. OB-resistant K+ efflux from the least dense fraction was stimulated by hypotonic swelling and had a bell-shaped dependence on pH (pH optimum 6.75–7.0). These pH and volume effects were not evident in the densest fraction. The swelling-induced K+ efflux from the least dense fraction was inhibited when chloride was substituted by nitrate, thiocyanate, and acetate, whereas it was stimulated by bromide. Increasing cell Mg2+ content also markedly inhibited K+ efflux from isosmotically swollen cells. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, 1 mM) greatly increased OB-resistant K+ efflux from the least dense fraction but not from the densest fraction. These data reveal the presence, in the lease dense fraction of normal human erythrocytes, of a pathway for K+ transport that is dependent on volume, pH, and chloride, is inhibited by internal Mg2+, and possibly plays a role in determining the erythrocyte water and cation content.

Hematologic Features of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Llamas

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Morin ◽  
F. B. Garry ◽  
M. G. Weiser ◽  
M. J. Fettman ◽  
L. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Iron Therapy ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Parenteral Iron

Iron deficiency anemia was identified and characterized in three 14 to 29-month-old male llamas (llama Nos. 1–3) from separate herds in Colorado. The identification of iron deficiency anemia was based on hypoferremia (serum iron = 20–60 μg/dl), erythrocytic features, and hematologic response to iron therapy. The anemia was moderate and nonregenerative and characterized by erythrocyte hypochromia, microcytosis (mean cell volume = 15–18 fl), and decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (36.0–41.0 g/dl). Morphologic features unique to llamas with iron deficiency anemia included irregular distribution of hypochromia within erythrocytes and increased folded cells and dacryocytes. The cause of iron deficiency was not determined. The llamas were treated with various doses and schedules of parenteral iron dextran. Two of the llamas were monitored for up to 14 months after the start of iron therapy and experienced increases in hematocrit and mean cell volume values. In one llama, progressive replacement of microcytic cells with normal cells was visualized on sequential erythrocyte volume distribution histograms following iron therapy.

Cell Volume Distribution Pattern Analysis: A Means of Uterine Cancer Detection

1970 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith L. Ladinsky ◽  
Harvey W. Gruchow ◽  
Stanley L. Inhorn
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Uterine Cancer ◽  
Volume Distribution

scholarly journals Cytosolic protein concentration is the primary volume signal in dog red cells.

1991 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
G C Colclasure ◽  
J C Parker
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Solid Concentration ◽  
Intracellular Protein ◽  
Cell Shrinkage ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Resealed Ghosts

It is not known whether the activation of Na/H exchange by shrinkage in dog red cells is due to the packing of cell contents or a change in cell configuration. To make this distinction we prepared resealed ghosts that resembled intact cells in hemoglobin concentration and surface area, but had one-third their volume. A shrinkage-induced, amiloride-sensitive Na flux in the ghosts was activated at a much smaller volume in the ghosts than in the intact cells, but at the same concentration (by weight) of dry solids in both preparations. Na/H exchange in ghosts containing a mixture of 40% albumin and 60% hemoglobin (weight/weight) was activated by osmotic shrinkage at a dry solid concentration similar to that of intact cells or of ghosts containing only hemoglobin. We conclude that the process of Na/H exchange activation by cell shrinkage originates with an increase in the concentration of intracellular protein and not with a change in membrane configuration or tension. The macromolecular crowding that accompanies the reduction in cell volume probably alters the activities of key enzymes that in turn modulate the Na/H exchanger.

scholarly journals Maintenance of Circulating Red Cell Volume in Rats after Removal of the Posterior and Intermediate Lobes of the Pituitary

Blood ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 1017-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. VAN DYKE ◽  
J. F. GARCIA ◽  
M. E. SIMPSON ◽  
R. L. HUFF ◽  
A. N. CONTOPOULOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Volume

Abstract The anemia which follows hypophysectomy is apparently due to absence of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis as removal of the intermediate and posterior lobes did not change the hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit or volume of circulating red cells.

Cl-dependent K transport in a pure population of volume-regulating human erythrocytes

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (4) ◽  
pp. C858-C864 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Regulatory Volume Decrease ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Hypotonic Medium ◽  
K Cells ◽  
High K ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low K ◽  
Volume Decrease

Swelling of human red cells activates a putative K-Cl cotransport that is not present at normal cell volume and that disappears after several hours. To determine whether regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is occurring in human erythrocytes and is responsible for the inactivation of K-Cl cotransport, the relationship between cell volume and the inactivation and reactivation of volume-sensitive (VS) K-Cl cotransport was studied. VS K influx into high K cells was transient, whereas influx into low K cells (prepared with nystatin), which are unable to shrink via K efflux, remained fully activated. Likewise, VS K efflux into hypotonic medium disappeared after 100 min in a low K medium but remained activated in a high K medium that prevented cell shrinkage. Cells that had been preincubated in hypotonic medium to inactivate VS K-Cl cotransport showed no significant recovery of VS cotransport after a 6-h incubation in isotonic medium but showed full restoration of VS cotransport after treatment with nystatin in isotonic medium to reequilibrate cell water. A pure fraction of volume-regulating (VR) cells was subsequently isolated by preincubating red cells in hypotonic medium and then subjecting them to further hypotonicity to lyse all non-VR cells. The 2.5% of cells that remained consisted of 16% reticulocytes and exhibited a Cl-dependent RVD in hypotonic medium. VS K-Cl cotransport was enriched 10-fold and Na-K-Cl cotransport was enriched 12-fold in these cells, whereas the enrichment of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-activated K-Cl cotransport was only threefold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Accurate and independent measurement of volume and hemoglobin concentration of individual red cells by laser light scattering

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 506-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Mohandas ◽  
YR Kim ◽  
DH Tycko ◽  
J Orlik ◽  
J Wyatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Concentration Distribution ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Laser Light Scattering ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Wide Range

Cell volume (MCV) and hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) are the red cell indices used to characterize the blood of patients with anemia. Since the introduction of flow cytometric methods for the measurement of these indices, it has generally been assumed that the values derived by these instruments are accurate. However, it has recently been shown that a number of cellular factors, including alterations in cellular deformability, can lead to inaccurate measurement of cell volume by these automated instruments. Because cell hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are computed from the measured values of cell volume, accuracy of these indices is also compromised by inaccurate determination of cell volume. A recently developed experimental flow cytometric method based on laser light scattering, which can independently measure volume and hemoglobin concentration, has been used in the present study to measure MCV and MCHC of density- fractionated normal and sickle red cells, hydrated and dehydrated normal red cells, and various pathologic cells. We found that the new method accurately measures both volume and hemoglobin concentrations over a wide range of MCV (30 to 120 fL) and MCHC (27 to 45 g/dL) values. This is in contrast to currently available methods in which hemoglobin concentration values are accurately measured over a more limited range (27 to 35 g/dL). In addition, as the experimental method independently measures volume and hemoglobin concentration of individual red cells, it allowed us to generate histograms of volume and hemoglobin concentration distribution and derive coefficient of variation for volume distribution and standard deviation of hemoglobin concentration distribution. We have been able to document that volume and hemoglobin concentration distributions can vary independently of each other in pathologic red cell samples.

scholarly journals Accurate and independent measurement of volume and hemoglobin concentration of individual red cells by laser light scattering

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 506-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Mohandas ◽  
YR Kim ◽  
DH Tycko ◽  
J Orlik ◽  
J Wyatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Concentration Distribution ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Laser Light Scattering ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Cell volume (MCV) and hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) are the red cell indices used to characterize the blood of patients with anemia. Since the introduction of flow cytometric methods for the measurement of these indices, it has generally been assumed that the values derived by these instruments are accurate. However, it has recently been shown that a number of cellular factors, including alterations in cellular deformability, can lead to inaccurate measurement of cell volume by these automated instruments. Because cell hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are computed from the measured values of cell volume, accuracy of these indices is also compromised by inaccurate determination of cell volume. A recently developed experimental flow cytometric method based on laser light scattering, which can independently measure volume and hemoglobin concentration, has been used in the present study to measure MCV and MCHC of density- fractionated normal and sickle red cells, hydrated and dehydrated normal red cells, and various pathologic cells. We found that the new method accurately measures both volume and hemoglobin concentrations over a wide range of MCV (30 to 120 fL) and MCHC (27 to 45 g/dL) values. This is in contrast to currently available methods in which hemoglobin concentration values are accurately measured over a more limited range (27 to 35 g/dL). In addition, as the experimental method independently measures volume and hemoglobin concentration of individual red cells, it allowed us to generate histograms of volume and hemoglobin concentration distribution and derive coefficient of variation for volume distribution and standard deviation of hemoglobin concentration distribution. We have been able to document that volume and hemoglobin concentration distributions can vary independently of each other in pathologic red cell samples.

Limit tolerances for sums of measurement errors

2018 ◽  
Vol 934 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
V.I. Salnikov
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Gaussian Distribution ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Limiting Values ◽  
Limiting Value

The question of calculating the limiting values of residuals in geodesic constructions is considered in the case when the limiting value for measurement errors is assumed equal to 3m, ie ∆рred = 3m, where m is the mean square error of the measurement. Larger errors are rejected. At present, the limiting value for the residual is calculated by the formula 3m√n, where n is the number of measurements. The article draws attention to two contradictions between theory and practice arising from the use of this formula. First, the formula is derived from the classical law of the normal Gaussian distribution, and it is applied to the truncated law of the normal distribution. And, secondly, as shown in [1], when ∆рred = 2m, the sums of errors naturally take the value equal to ?pred, after which the number of errors in the sum starts anew. This article establishes its validity for ∆рred = 3m. A table of comparative values of the tolerances valid and recommended for more stringent ones is given. The article gives a graph of applied and recommended tolerances for ∆рred = 3m.

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