scholarly journals Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: detection and characterization of the responsible antibodies by the platelet immunofluorescence test

Blood ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE von dem Borne ◽  
EF van Leeuwen ◽  
LE von Riesz ◽  
CJ van Boxtel ◽  
CP Engelfriet
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Platelet Antibodies ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Immunofluorescent Test ◽  
Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia

Abstract Platelet immunofluorescence, together with other serologic tests on platelets, lymphocytes, and granulocytes, was used to investigate the sera of 38 mothers with newborns who suffered from thrombocytopenia. In sera of 33 mothers, platelet-specific IgG alloantibodies were demonstrable. Three sera also contained HLA antibodies, of which two were only detectable in the lymphocyte cytotoxicity test. Two other sera contained granulocyte-specific alloantibodies. In sera of 2 mothers, antibodies were found that reacted with all cell types in all tests. However, after further analysis, it became clear that platelet- specific alloantibodies were probably also present in these 2 sera. In 29 cases, the specificity of the platelet alloantibodies was anti-Zwa-- PlA1. One serum contained antibodies directed against a new antigen, Baka. This new antigen was defined after the investigation of the family and a small-scale population study. Two other sera had platelet antibodies with still undefined specificities. In all positive sera, IgG platelet alloantibodies were detected, and sometimes IgM antibodies were also present. The IgG antibodies were mostly of the IgG1 subclasses, but sometimes IgG3 and/or IgG4 was also found. In a few sera, only IgG3 antibodies were detected. In our series, we found no increased frequency of blood group ABO compatibility between mother and child, although it has been described by others and is well known to occur in rhesus alloimmunization. Of all the tests used, the platelet immunofluorescent test, especially the test on paraformaldehyde-fixed platelets in suspension, gave the best results in the detection of platelet antibodies in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

scholarly journals Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: detection and characterization of the responsible antibodies by the platelet immunofluorescence test

Blood ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-656
Author(s):  
AE von dem Borne ◽  
EF van Leeuwen ◽  
LE von Riesz ◽  
CJ van Boxtel ◽  
CP Engelfriet
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Platelet Antibodies ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Immunofluorescent Test ◽  
Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia

Platelet immunofluorescence, together with other serologic tests on platelets, lymphocytes, and granulocytes, was used to investigate the sera of 38 mothers with newborns who suffered from thrombocytopenia. In sera of 33 mothers, platelet-specific IgG alloantibodies were demonstrable. Three sera also contained HLA antibodies, of which two were only detectable in the lymphocyte cytotoxicity test. Two other sera contained granulocyte-specific alloantibodies. In sera of 2 mothers, antibodies were found that reacted with all cell types in all tests. However, after further analysis, it became clear that platelet- specific alloantibodies were probably also present in these 2 sera. In 29 cases, the specificity of the platelet alloantibodies was anti-Zwa-- PlA1. One serum contained antibodies directed against a new antigen, Baka. This new antigen was defined after the investigation of the family and a small-scale population study. Two other sera had platelet antibodies with still undefined specificities. In all positive sera, IgG platelet alloantibodies were detected, and sometimes IgM antibodies were also present. The IgG antibodies were mostly of the IgG1 subclasses, but sometimes IgG3 and/or IgG4 was also found. In a few sera, only IgG3 antibodies were detected. In our series, we found no increased frequency of blood group ABO compatibility between mother and child, although it has been described by others and is well known to occur in rhesus alloimmunization. Of all the tests used, the platelet immunofluorescent test, especially the test on paraformaldehyde-fixed platelets in suspension, gave the best results in the detection of platelet antibodies in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

Immune Mechanisms of Platelet Refractoriness

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
F. Fischetti ◽  
F. Tedesco
Keyword(s):  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Platelet Concentrates ◽  
Bone Marrow Aplasia ◽  
Passive Hemagglutination ◽  
Platelet Surface ◽  
Leukocyte Depletion ◽  
Platelet Antibodies ◽  
Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity ◽  
Specific Antigens

Multiple platelet transfusions may prove ineffective in approximately 40% of patients treated for bone marrow aplasia. This condition is known as platelet refractoriness and is diagnosed by evaluating the corrected count increment following platelet transfusion. Immune factors still represent an important cause of platelet refractoriness and, among these, HLA alloimmunization plays the most relevant pathogenetic role. Less important are other specific and non-specific antigens, that can be detected on platelet surface. Several assays have been developed to reveal anti-platelet antibodies, which include the lymphocyte cytotoxicity test, the platelet immunofluorescence assay and the mixed passive hemagglutination assay. It is now clear that leukocytes contaminating the platelet concentrates represent the main cause of HLA alloimmunization which can be prevented by leukocyte depletion to less than 5 × 106 cells per unit. Transfusion of HLA-matched platelets in alloimmunized platelets may be quite effective, but it can also be fairly expensive considering the large number of donors to be typed for HLA in order to find HLA compatible platelets. A more practical approach would be to select the platelet concentrates on the basis of the negative crossmatch.

Large- and small-scale vortical motions in a shear layer perturbed by tabs

1999 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 307-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUDITH K. FOSS ◽  
K. B. M. Q. ZAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Shear Layer ◽  
Pitch Angle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Streamwise Vortices ◽  
Streamwise Vorticity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Scale Population

The large- and small-scale vortical motions produced by ‘delta tabs’ in a two-stream shear layer have been studied experimentally. An increase in mixing was observed when the base of the triangular shaped tab was affixed to the trailing edge of the splitter plate and the apex was pitched at some angle with respect to the flow axis. Such an arrangement produced a pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices. Hot-wire measurements detailed the velocity, time-averaged vorticity (Ωx) and small-scale turbulence features in the three-dimensional space downstream of the tabs. The small-scale structures, whose scale corresponds to that of the peak in the dissipation spectrum, were identified and counted using the peak-valley-counting technique. The optimal pitch angle, θ, for a single tab and the optimal spanwise spacing, S, for a multiple tab array were identified. Since the goal was to increase mixing, the optimal tab configuration was determined from two properties of the flow field: (i) the large-scale motions with the maximum Ωx, and (ii) the largest number of small-scale motions in a given time period. The peak streamwise vorticity magnitude [mid ]Ωx−max[mid ] was found to have a unique relationship with the tab pitch angle. Furthermore, for all cases examined, the overall small-scale population was found to correlate directly with [mid ]Ωx−max[mid ]. Both quantities peaked at θ≈±45°. It is interesting to note that the peak magnitude of the corresponding circulation in the cross-sectional plane occurred for θ≈±90°. For an array of tabs, the two quantities also depended on the tab spacing. An array of contiguous tabs acted as a solid deflector producing the weakest streamwise vortices and the least small-scale population. For the measurement range covered, the optimal spacing was found to be S≈1.5 tab widths.

scholarly journals Characterisation of GLUT4 trafficking in HeLa cells: comparable kinetics and orthologous trafficking mechanisms to 3T3-L1 adipocytes

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Morris ◽  
Niall D. Geoghegan ◽  
Jessica B.A. Sadler ◽  
Anna M. Koester ◽  
Hannah L. Black ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Characteristic Property ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model System ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Glucose Transporter Glut4 ◽  
Surface Fusion

Insulin-stimulated glucose transport is a characteristic property of adipocytes and muscle cells and involves the regulated delivery of glucose transporter (GLUT4)-containing vesicles from intracellular stores to the cell surface. Fusion of these vesicles results in increased numbers of GLUT4 molecules at the cell surface. In an attempt to overcome some of the limitations associated with both primary and cultured adipocytes, we expressed an epitope- and GFP-tagged version of GLUT4 (HA–GLUT4–GFP) in HeLa cells. Here we report the characterisation of this system compared to 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We show that insulin promotes translocation of HA–GLUT4–GFP to the surface of both cell types with similar kinetics using orthologous trafficking machinery. While the magnitude of the insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 is smaller than mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes, HeLa cells offer a useful, experimentally tractable, human model system. Here, we exemplify their utility through a small-scale siRNA screen to identify GOSR1 and YKT6 as potential novel regulators of GLUT4 trafficking in human cells.

scholarly journals Multiplexed 3D atlas of state transitions and immune interactions in colorectal cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Ren Lin ◽  
Shu Wang ◽  
Shannon Coy ◽  
Madison A Tyler ◽  
Clarence Yapp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Tissue Microarrays ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Imaging ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spatial Gradients ◽  
Immunosuppressive Cell ◽  
Small Fields

Advanced solid cancers are complex assemblies of tumor, immune, and stromal cells that invade adjacent tissue and spread to distant sites. Here we use highly multiplexed tissue imaging, spatial statistics, and machine learning to identify cell types and states underlying morphological features of known diagnostic and prognostic significance in colorectal cancer. We find that a thorough spatial analysis requires imaging the entire tumor region, not small fields of view (e.g. those found in tissue microarrays). When this condition is met, the data reveal frequent transitions between histological archetypes (tumor grades and morphologies) correlated with molecular gradients. At the tumor invasive margin, where tumor, normal, and immune cells compete, localized features in 2D such as tumor buds and mucin pools are seen in 3D to be large connected structures having continuously varying molecular properties. Immunosuppressive cell-cell interactions also exhibit graded variation in type and frequency. Thus, whereas scRNA-Seq emphasizes discrete changes in tumor state, whole-specimen imaging reveals the presence of large- and small-scale spatial gradients analogous to those in developing tissues.

scholarly journals The Random Forest-Based Method of Fine-Resolution Population Spatialization by Using the International Space Station Nighttime Photography and Social Sensing Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangning Li ◽  
Yunhao Chen ◽  
Ying Li
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
International Space ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Fine Resolution ◽  
Population Mapping

Despite the importance of high-resolution population distribution in urban planning, disaster prevention and response, region economic development, and improvement of urban habitant environment, traditional urban investigations mainly focused on large-scale population spatialization by using coarse-resolution nighttime light (NTL) while few efforts were made to fine-resolution population mapping. To address problems of generating small-scale population distribution, this paper proposed a method based on the Random Forest Regression model to spatialize a 25 m population from the International Space Station (ISS) photography and urban function zones generated from social sensing data—point-of-interest (POI). There were three main steps, namely HSL (hue saturation lightness) transformation and saturation calibration of ISS, generating functional-zone maps based on point-of-interest, and spatializing population based on the Random Forest model. After accuracy assessments by comparing with WorldPop, the proposed method was validated as a qualified method to generate fine-resolution population spatial maps. In the discussion, this paper suggested that without help of auxiliary data, NTL cannot be directly employed as a population indicator at small scale. The Variable Importance Measure of the RF model confirmed the correlation between features and population and further demonstrated that urban functions performed better than LULC (Land Use and Land Cover) in small-scale population mapping. Urban height was also shown to improve the performance of population disaggregation due to its compensation of building volume. To sum up, this proposed method showed great potential to disaggregate fine-resolution population and other urban socio-economic attributes.

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