scholarly journals Male circumcision and global HIV/AIDS epidemic challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiola Oluwabunmi Olapade-Olaopa ◽  
Mudasiru Adebayo Salami ◽  
Taiwo Akeem Lawal
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background Given the devastating mortality and morbidity associated with HIV/AIDS, many potential prevention measures against HIV infection continue to be explored. Most prevention methods are in the realm of sexual behavior change. However, of all aspects of human behavior, it is sexual behavior that is least amenable to change. Newer and simpler interventions are therefore required. Male circumcision, the surgical removal of some or all of the foreskin (or prepuce) from the penis, is one of the ways being promoted as a preventive measure. This paper reviews the scientific basis and evidence for the efficacy of male circumcision within the context of the global challenges involved. Main body We reviewed articles with emphasis on male circumcision and HIV/AIDS transmission. Published abstracts of presentations at international scientific meetings were also reviewed. Conclusions Current epidemiological evidence supports the promotion of male circumcision for HIV prevention, especially in populations with high HIV prevalence and low circumcision rates. Three notable randomized control trials strengthen the case for applied research studies to demonstrate that safe male circumcision is protective at the population level, particularly as ideal and well-resourced conditions of a randomized trial are often not replicated in other service delivery settings. Ethically and culturally responsive strategies in promoting circumcision in a culturally heterogenous world need to be developed, too. Male circumcision should also be viewed as a complementary measure along with other proven approaches to turn the HIV/AIDS epidemic around.

scholarly journals Modeling the Population-Level Effects of Male Circumcision as an HIV-Preventive Measure: A Gendered Perspective

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. e28608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Dushoff ◽  
Audrey Patocs ◽  
Chyun-Fung Shi
Keyword(s):  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Population Level

scholarly journals Consideration of Including Male Circumcision in the Indonesian HIV Prevention Strategy

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Sutarsa
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Treatment Program ◽  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Prevention Strategy ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Care Support ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS is an emerging threat to population health. Globally, 33.4 million people were estimated to be living with HIV in 2008 including 2.1 million children (UNAIDS, 2009; UNAIDS, 2011). The total number of new cases was estimated to be 2.7 million people (including 430,000 children) and HIV/AIDS related death was estimated to be 2.0 million in 2008 (UNAIDS, 2009). Sustainable prevention measures followed by care, support and treatment program is vital to reduce the incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals Perceived Risks and Ramifications of the COVID-19 Pandemic by Community and Healthcare Providers in Nepal

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
Nilam Bhandari ◽  
Dikshya Maharjan ◽  
Muna Silwal ◽  
Damaru Prasad Paneru ◽  
Anant Nepal
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Income Source ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted real suffering in many parts of the world and is expected to impact different sectors. Lockdown is considered to be an effective measure in slowing the spread of coronavirus. The study expects to understand community and healthcare providers’ perspectives on COVID-19 and pandemic responses during and after the lockdown in Nepal. Methods and Materials: Data were collected through telephone interviews with six representatives of community-based organizations and nine healthcare providers, and the collation of information about COVID-19 from social media, news outlets and government announcements. Data were thematically coded and analyzed according to the themes. Results: Although rapid dissemination of educational information through various social media was found, people reported an information overload on COVID-19 while questioning the authenticity of their sources. Several misbeliefs on the COVID-19 virus are rooted in the Nepalese community. Lockdown for a longer period was deemed an unsustainable preventive measure that directly impacted the income source of daily-wage workers. The fear of contracting coronavirus among healthcare providers at their workplaces was further triggered by the poor working conditions and non-availability of personal protective equipment (PPE). In fighting the pandemic, screening and management of other health issues were ignored. Conclusion: The prevention measures against COVID-19 are important for the local context, however, the communities need access of basic commodities and access to reliable information to enable them to follow these measures. Availability of  appropriate PPE for the healthcare providers is required to reduce the fear of contracting the virus from the patients and workplace. Essential health-care services must also be continued to help reduce excess mortality and morbidity.

scholarly journals ESSE-RF study: epidemiology and public health promotion

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 2987
Author(s):  
A. V. Kontsevaya ◽  
S. A. Shalnova ◽  
O. M. Drapkina
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Related Risk

The largest population-based study in Russian modern history the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) for 8 years has become a platform for public health research and projects, relevant for the whole country. Results of the ESSE-RF study were used to identify Demography National Project parameters, to model mortality and morbidity risk at the population level, to estimate the economic burden of risk factors, to predict the economic effect of population prevention measures, to assess the feasibility of using novel biomarkers for risk stratification, as well as for external evaluation of health care system. Further, results can be used to develop a novel cardiovascular risk score, to analyze COVID-19-related risk factors, and to study health protection environment. Epidemiological studies ESSE-RF1 and ESSE-RF2 have already become a significant component of public health system in Russia, and taking into account the scope of the ESSE-RF3 study (30 regions), the role of epidemiology will increase.

scholarly journals Knowledge about HIV/AIDS among the dental students in Dhaka

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Shahed Jahan ◽  
Mushfiq Hassan Shaikh ◽  
Jahanara Begum ◽  
Tazdik G Chowdhury ◽  
Morshed Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Computer Software ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Hiv Aids

Aims:This was a cross-sectional study done in the City Dental College, Malibagh, Chowdhurypara. The objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS among the final year dental students during the period between April to June 2012. Materials and Method:Convenient sampling technique was used and a total of 77 final year dental students were included. A pretested questionnaire was used in English and information was gathered by face to face interview regarding demographic characteristics and HIV/AIDS related knowledge which contained; meaning of HIV/AIDS cause of HIV/AIDS, mode of transmission, risk group, preventive measure. Result:The data were analyzed by computer software SPSS version 17. The study showed that 23.4 percent of the respondents had poor knowledge on HIV/AIDS. About 18.1% know that AIDS can be transmitted if having sexual contact with HIV positive case. Moreover, 13.8% have knowledge about HIV contaminated blood transfusion, 15.1% have knowledge about HIV infected mother to child, 14.6 % know that HIV infection can cause by pricking an infected needle and 10.5% know that it can transmit through body fluids like blood; semen etc. 45.1% had knowledge about injury by infected surgical instrument. Conclusion:The study revealed that the relationship between the knowledge of HIV/AIDS among dental students and sex of the respondents is statistically significant. It is evident that even in the second decade of the AIDS epidemic, final year dental students continue to have a lack of proper knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Training Programme should be arranged on HIV/AIDS for the dental students during clinical attachment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v2i2.15531 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2012; 2 (2): 23-27

scholarly journals Amyl Nitrites and Sexual Behavior

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
David Tian En Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Inhalant Abuse ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Unsafe Sexual Practices ◽  
Homosexual Community ◽  
Hiv Aids

This paper looked into the abuse of inhalable nitrites, mainly amyl nitrites, commonly known by the street name of poppers. This paper compiled several studies of nitrite inhalant abuse and the risk associated with the sexual practices that may concur. The paper explores first, the history and true intentions of nitrite inhalants, then the increasing abuse mainly within the homosexual community, and the legitimacy of the link of nitrites and the HIV/AIDS epidemic.  Various studies discussed in the paper will show that there is no legitimate link between poppers increasing the chance of HIV/AIDS but it is the unsafe sexual practices that occur with poppers that lead to various sexually transmitted diseases. The dangers of inhalable nitrites come from legal loopholes, use with other drugs such as Viagra, and the nature of unsafe sexual practices mostly within the homosexual community.

scholarly journals Unintentional Injury Burden in Hong Kong: Results from a Representative Population-Based Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8826
Author(s):  
Eric Ho Man Tang ◽  
Laura Elizabeth Bedford ◽  
Esther Yee Tak Yu ◽  
Emily Tsui Yee Tse ◽  
Weinan Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Unintentional Injury ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Unintentional Injuries ◽  
Insufficient Sleep ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Disturbed Sleep

Unintentional injuries are major causes of mortality and morbidity. Although generally perceived as accidents, it is possible to identify those at higher risk and implement appropriate prevention measures. This study aims to investigate the common causes of unintentional injuries and their associated risk factors among a large representative sample. Data of 12,022 individuals who completed the Hong Kong Population Health Survey 2014/15 were extracted. The primary outcome was the prevalence of having unintentional injury(-ies) in the previous 12 months that was severe enough to limit daily activities. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between injuries and sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle factors. 14.5% of respondents reported episode(s) of unintentional injury in the past 12 months in the population level. The main causes of top three most severe unintentional injuries were sprains (24.0%), falls (19.9%) and being hit/struck (19.6%). 13.2% injury episodes were work-related among the most severe episode. Factors independently associated with significantly higher risks of injury included currently employed, homemaker or student, born in Hong Kong (as compared with immigrants), doctor-diagnosed chronic conditions, harmful alcohol consumption, insufficient sleep, and disturbed sleep. To summarize, unintentional injuries are highly prevalent and associated with harmful drinking, insufficient sleep, and disturbed sleep, which are potential modifiable risk factors for prevention.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document