scholarly journals Positive selection on the MHC class II DLA-DQA1 gene in golden jackals (Canis aureus) from their recent expansion range in Europe and its effect on their body mass index

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milomir Stefanović ◽  
Duško Ćirović ◽  
Neda Bogdanović ◽  
Felix Knauer ◽  
Miklós Heltai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Canis Aureus ◽  
Expansion Range ◽  
Individual Body

Abstract Background In Europe, golden jackals (Canis aureus) have been expanding their range out of the southern and southeastern Balkans towards central Europe continually since the 1960s. Here, we investigated the level of functional diversity at the MHC class II DLA-DQA1 exon 2 in golden jackal populations from Bulgaria, Serbia, and Hungary. Specifically, we tested for positive selection on and geographic variation at that locus due to adaptation to supposedly regionally varying pathogenic landscapes. To test for potential fitness effects of different protein variants on individual body condition, we used linear modeling of individual body mass indexes (bmi) and accounted for possible age, sex, geographical, and climatic effects. The latter approach was performed, however, only on Serbian individuals with appropriate data. Results Only three different DLA-DQA1 alleles were detected, all coding for different amino-acid sequences. The neutrality tests revealed no significant but positive values; there was no signal of spatial structuring and no deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium across the studied range of expansion. However, we found a signal of trans-species polymorphism and significant test results for positive selection on three codons. Our information-theory based linear modeling results indicated an effect of ambient temperature on the occurrence of individual DLA-DQA1 genotypes in individuals from across the studied expansion range, independent from geographical position. Our linear modeling results of individual bmi values indicated that yearlings homozygous for DLA-DQA1*03001 reached values typical for adults contrary to yearlings carrying other genotypes (protein combinations). This suggested better growth rates and thus a possible fitness advantage of yearlings homozygous for DLA-DQA1*03001. Conclusions Our results indicate a demographic (stochastic) signal of reduced DLA-DQA1 exon 2 variation, in line with the documented historical demographic bottleneck. At the same time, however, allelic variation was also affected by positive selection and adaptation to varying ambient temperature, supposedly reflecting geographic variation in the pathogenic landscape. Moreover, an allele effect on body mass index values of yearlings suggested differential fitness associated with growth rates. Overall, a combination of a stochastic effect and positive selection has shaped and is still shaping the variation at the studied MHC locus.

Prediction of body composition in premenopausal females from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1637-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Hansen ◽  
T. G. Lohman ◽  
S. B. Going ◽  
M. C. Hall ◽  
R. W. Pamenter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Body Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Individual Body

Four methods for predicting body composition were compared in premenopausal females (n = 100), 28#x2013;39 yr old, by using underwater weighing (UWW) as the criterion method. The four methods were dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), skinfolds, bioelectrical impedance, and body mass index. The sample had a mean percent fat (%fat) of 29.7 +/- 6.8% (SD) by DEXA and 29.9 +/- 5.8% measured by UWW. DEXA yielded a standard error of estimate (SE) of 2.4% (r = 0.91) for the prediction of %fat from UWW. When %fat was estimated from other methods, larger SEs were obtained: 3.0% for skin-folds, 3.3% for body mass index, and 2.9% for bioelectrical impedance (height2/resistance) plus weight. Individual body density values derived from UWW were corrected for bone mineral variation. DEXA predicted the corrected body density with a lower SE (0.0040 vs. 0.0053 g/ml) than the original density values. We conclude that DEXA was a precise method and correlated highly with fat-free body weight and %fat from UWW in this homogeneous female sample.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Study on Growth and Body Mass Index before and after Diagnosis of Childhood Craniopharyngioma

2004 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 3298-3305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann L. Müller ◽  
Angela Emser ◽  
Andreas Faldum ◽  
Gina Bruhnken ◽  
Nicole Etavard-Gorris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Ponderal Index ◽  
Growth Impairment ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tumor Involvement

Abstract We analyzed whether childhood craniopharyngioma predisposes to obesity and growth impairment. Height/length, body mass index (BMI), and hypothalamic involvement were evaluated in 90 patients at standardized ages and time points before, after, and at the time of diagnosis. Relevant decreases in height sd score (SDS) started at 10–12 months of age and persisted until diagnosis of childhood craniopharyngioma. Relevant increases in BMI SDS were detectable between 4 and 5 yr of age. Postoperative BMI SDS (yr 1–6) had a weak positive correlation with BMI SDS at the time of diagnosis. In linear regression analysis, hypothalamic tumor involvement (P < 0.001), ponderal index at birth (P = 0.014), and BMI SDS at age 6–7 months (P = 0.029) and at age 5 yr (P < 0.001) had relevant and independent impacts on the development of obesity. Patients with hypothalamic involvement (n = 48) presented lower ponderal index and BMI SDS at birth and higher BMI SDS at the time of diagnosis (P < 0.001) as well as during annual follow-up (P < 0.001) compared with patients without hypothalamic involvement (n = 42). From childhood (3.5–4 yr) to the time of diagnosis, growth rates were reduced for patients with hypothalamic tumor involvement. Patients without hypothalamic involvement presented reduced growth rates in early infancy (age 10–12 months) that persisted until diagnosis. We conclude that reduced growth rates occur quite early in history; BMI SDS increases occur later and are predictive of obesity. Hypothalamic involvement is the major risk factor for obesity in patients with childhood craniopharyngioma.

Abstract 003: Growth Trajectories of Body Mass Index During Childhood and Adult Hypertension

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengxu Li ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Paul K Wheltong ◽  
Marie Krousel-Wood ◽  
Lydia Bazzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Hypertension Risk ◽  
Linear Slope

Background: Childhood body mass index (BMI) predicts adult hypertension. However, information is lacking regarding the relationship between BMI growth trajectories during childhood and adult hypertension risk. We aimed to test the hypothesis that BMI growth rates at different childhood ages have differential influences on adult hypertension risk, independent of BMI levels. Methods: The study included 1,772 Whites and 960 Blacks with repeated BMI and blood pressure measurements from childhood (4-19 years) to adulthood (20-51 years). A random-effects mixed model was used to construct BMI growth curves by race and sex. Model-estimated linear growth rates of BMI at different childhood ages were linked to adult hypertension (defined by measured blood pressure or antihypertensive medication) in multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Hypertensive adults had higher BMI across childhood than normotensive adults. Overall, linear slope and cubic parameters of BMI were higher in hypertensive adults than in normotensive adults in all four race-sex groups (p ≤ 0.023). Odds ratio of adult hypertension for each kg/m 2 /year increase in BMI linear slope was 1.22 (95% CI =1.11-1.34) at age 4, was non-significant between ages 5-9, and gradually increased thereafter and plateaued beginning at age 15 (odds ratio = 1.41 and 95% CI = 1.28-1.56) (Figure). Conclusions: Rapid increase in BMI during and after puberty is associated with elevated risk of hypertension in adult life, which has implications for early prevention.

Molecular evolution of MHC class II DRB exon 2 in Japanese and Russian raccoon dogs, Nyctereutes procyonoides (Carnivora: Canidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Aye Mee F Bartocillo ◽  
Yoshinori Nishita ◽  
Alexei V Abramov ◽  
Ryuichi Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Synonymous Substitution ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Nyctereutes Procyonoides ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Raccoon Dogs

Abstract Raccoon dogs, Nyctereutes procyonoides, are native to East Asia, but have been introduced into western Russia and eastern Europe. To determine allelic diversity and elucidate the evolution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes in the raccoon dog, we analysed a 237-bp region of DRB exon 2 from 36 individuals of native and introduced populations from Japan and Russia. We detected 23 DRB alleles (Nypr-DRBs), 22 of which were novel. Some alleles were found across the species’ range, while others were geographically restricted. For both native and introduced populations, the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates for codons at predicted antigen-binding sites was significantly greater than 2, indicating that Nypr-DRBs have evolved under positive selection. Mixed effect model evolution analysis and an algorithm to detect recombination showed five positively selected codons and one recombination breakpoint, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that the diversity of MHC class II DRB in N. procyonoides was influenced and maintained by recombination, pathogen-driven positive selection, geographical barriers and the founder effect. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree revealed no evidence of trans-species polymorphism (TSP), but instead showed monophyly for the Nypr-DRB alleles within a larger clade of canid sequences. The lack of TSP may have been due to long-term divergence of raccoon dogs from other canids, or to their having encountered different sets of pathogens due to occupying a different ecological niche.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF LINEAR GROWTH RATE AND CHANGE IN BODY MASS INDEX IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN AFRO-CARIBBEAN YOUTH: THE VULNERABLE WINDOWS COHORT STUDY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor S. Ferguson ◽  
Tamika Y. Royal-Thomas ◽  
Lisa Chin-Harty ◽  
Minerva M. Thame ◽  
Terrence E. Forrester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Linear Growth Rate

ABSTRACTBackgroundFaster growth velocity during childhood may increase blood pressure (BP) in adults, but there are little data from African-origin populations. We evaluated the effect of postnatal linear growth (increase in height) and change in body mass index (BMI) from birth to adolescence on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) in Afro-Caribbean youth.MethodsWe used data from the Vulnerable Windows Birth Cohort Study in Jamaica. Children were followed from birth, with periodic anthropometric measurements. BP measurements started at age 1-year and every six months thereafter. Analyses used BP measurements (mmHg) from age 15-21 years. Linear growth and change in BMI measurements were calculated for: early infancy (0-6 months), late infancy (6 months - 2 years), early childhood (2-8 years), and later childhood (8-15 years). Conditional analyses were used to compute growth rates (as z-scores). Linear mixed models were used to estimate the effect of growth rates on BP.ResultsAnalyses included 365 individuals (162 males, 203 females) with mean age 16.7 years. In multivariable models, after adjustment for age, sex, birth length, gestational age and BMI at age 15 years, faster linear growth for early infancy (β=1.06, p=0.010) was significantly associated with higher SBP. For change in BMI, after adjustment for age, sex, gestational age, height and SES at birth, significant associations of higher SBP were seen for greater increase in BMI in late infancy (β=1.41, p=0.001), early childhood (β=1.22, p=0.001) and later childhood (β=0.74, p=0.035). Faster post-natal linear growth had no significant associations with DBP, but greater increase in BMI for each of the late infancy to late childhood periods was significantly associated with higher DBP. When both growth rates were modeled together, rate of change of BMI and faster linear growth in early infancy retained significance for SBP, but only change in BMI retained significance for DBP.ConclusionFaster linear growth and greater rate of increase in BMI were associated with higher SBP and DBP in Afro-Caribbean youth, but the BMI effect was stronger.

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