scholarly journals Aphid endosymbiont facilitates virus transmission by modulating the volatile profile of host plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Bin Shi ◽  
Shuo Yan ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Li-Min Zheng ◽  
Zhan-Hong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Volatile Profiles

Abstract Background Most plant viruses rely on vectors for their transmission and spread. One of the outstanding biological questions concerning the vector-pathogen-symbiont multi-trophic interactions is the potential involvement of vector symbionts in the virus transmission process. Here, we used a multi-factorial system containing a non-persistent plant virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), its primary vector, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the obligate endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola to explore this uncharted territory. Results Based on our preliminary research, we hypothesized that aphid endosymbiont B. aphidicola can facilitate CMV transmission by modulating plant volatile profiles. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that CMV infection reduced B. aphidicola abundance in M. persicae, in which lower abundance of B. aphidicola was associated with a preference shift in aphids from infected to healthy plants. Volatile profile analyses confirmed that feeding by aphids with lower B. aphidicola titers reduced the production of attractants, while increased the emission of deterrents. As a result, M. persicae changed their feeding preference from infected to healthy plants. Conclusions We conclude that CMV infection reduces the B. aphidicola abundance in M. persicae. When viruliferous aphids feed on host plants, dynamic changes in obligate symbionts lead to a shift in plant volatiles from attraction to avoidance, thereby switching insect vector’s feeding preference from infected to healthy plants.

scholarly journals Aphid Endosymbiont Facilitates Virus Transmission by Modulating the Volatile Profile of Host Plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
xiao-bin Shi ◽  
Shuo Yan ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Li-Min Zheng ◽  
Zhan-hong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Volatile Profiles

Abstract Background: Most plant viruses rely on vectors for their transmission and spread. One of the outstanding biological questions concerning the vector-pathogen-symbiont multi-trophic interactions is the potential involvement of vector symbionts in the virus transmission process. Here, we used a multi-factorial system containing a non-persistent plant virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), its primary vector, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the obligate endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola to explore this uncharted territory. Results: Based on our preliminary research, we hypothesized that aphid endosymbiont B. aphidicola can facilitate CMV transmission by modulating plant volatile profiles. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that CMV infection reduced B. aphidicola abundance in M. persicae, in which lower abundance of B. aphidicola was associated with a preference shift in aphids from infected to healthy plants. Volatile profile analyses confirmed that feeding by aphids with lower B. aphidicola titers reduced the production of attractants, while increased the emission of deterrents. As a result, M. persicae changed their feeding preference from infected to healthy plants. Conclusions: We conclude that CMV infection reduces the B. aphidicola abundance in M. persicae. When viruliferous aphids feed on host plants, dynamic changes in obligate symbionts lead to a shift in plant volatiles from attraction to avoidance, thereby switching insect vector’s feeding preference from infected to healthy plants.

scholarly journals Suppression of Plant Defenses by a Myzus persicae (Green Peach Aphid) Salivary Effector Protein

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 747-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dezi A. Elzinga ◽  
Martin De Vos ◽  
Georg Jander
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Salivary Protein ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Phloem Feeding

The complex interactions between aphids and their host plant are species-specific and involve multiple layers of recognition and defense. Aphid salivary proteins, which are released into the plant during phloem feeding, are a likely mediator of these interactions. In an approach to identify aphid effectors that facilitate feeding from host plants, eleven Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) salivary proteins and the GroEL protein of Buchnera aphidicola, a bacterial endosymbiont of this aphid species, were expressed transiently in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco). Whereas two salivary proteins increased aphid reproduction, expression of three other aphid proteins and GroEL significantly decreased aphid reproduction on N. tabacum. These effects were recapitulated in stable transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Further experiments with A. thaliana expressing Mp55, a salivary protein that increased aphid reproduction, showed lower accumulation of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, callose and hydrogen peroxide in response to aphid feeding. Mp55-expressing plants also were more attractive for aphids in choice assays. Silencing Mp55 gene expression in M. persicae using RNA interference approaches reduced aphid reproduction on N. tabacum, A. thaliana, and N. benthamiana. Together, these results demonstrate a role for Mp55, a protein with as-yet-unknown molecular function, in the interaction of M. persicae with its host plants.

scholarly journals Plant Viruses Transmitted in Two Different Modes Produce Differing Effects on Small RNA-Mediated Processes in Their Aphid Vector

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia V. Pinheiro ◽  
Jennifer R. Wilson ◽  
Yi Xu ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Ana Rita Rebelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Aphid Vectors ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Regulation ◽  
Leafroll Virus

Transmission of plant viruses by aphids involves multitrophic interactions among host plants, aphid vectors, and plant viruses. Here, we used small RNA (sRNA) sequencing to visualize the sRNA response of Myzus persicae to two plant viruses that M. persicae transmits in different modes: the nonpersistent Potato virus Y (PVY) versus the persistent Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Aphids exposed to PLRV produced significantly less 22 mers aligned to the aphid genome, and an abundance of 26 to 27 mers, many of which were predicted to be piRNA. Additionally, expression of Buchnera aphidicola tRNA-derived sRNAs was influenced by PLRV and, to a lesser extent, PVY, suggesting that plant viruses alter the aphid-endosymbiont relationship. Finally, aphids exposed to PLRV-infected plants generated an abundance of unusually long sRNAs and a reduced number of 22 mers against an aphid virus, Myzus persicae densovirus (MpDNV) and had higher MpDNV titer. Expression of the PLRV silencing suppressor P0 in plants recapitulated the increase in MpDNV titer in the absence of PLRV infection. Our results show that plant viruses transmitted in two different modes cause distinct effects on their vector with regards to post-transcriptional gene regulation, symbiosis with Buchnera, and the antiviral immune response of aphids to an aphid-infecting densovirus.

scholarly journals Co-Acquired Nanovirus and Geminivirus Exhibit a Contrasted Localization within Their Common Aphid Vector

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Di Mattia ◽  
Faustine Ryckebusch ◽  
Marie-Stéphanie Vernerey ◽  
Elodie Pirolles ◽  
Nicolas Sauvion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nuclear Shuttle Protein ◽  
Aphid Vector ◽  
Taxonomic Criterion ◽  
Alfalfa Leaf ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) plant viruses belong to the families Geminiviridae and Nanoviridae. They are transmitted by Hemipteran insects in a circulative, mostly non-propagative, manner. While geminiviruses are transmitted by leafhoppers, treehoppers, whiteflies and aphids, nanoviruses are transmitted exclusively by aphids. Circulative transmission involves complex virus–vector interactions in which epithelial cells have to be crossed and defense mechanisms counteracted. Vector taxa are considered a relevant taxonomic criterion for virus classification, indicating that viruses can evolve specific interactions with their vectors. Thus, we predicted that, although nanoviruses and geminiviruses represent related viral families, they have evolved distinct interactions with their vector. This prediction is also supported by the non-structural Nuclear Shuttle Protein (NSP) that is involved in vector transmission in nanoviruses but has no similar function in geminiviruses. Thanks to the recent discovery of aphid-transmitted geminiviruses, this prediction could be tested for the geminivirus alfalfa leaf curl virus (ALCV) and the nanovirus faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV) in their common vector, Aphis craccivora. Estimations of viral load in midgut and head of aphids, precise localization of viral DNA in cells of insect vectors and host plants, and virus transmission tests revealed that the pathway of the two viruses across the body of their common vector differs both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Green peach aphid and potato leafroll virus: transmission and control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Bagrov ◽  
◽  
V.I. Leunov
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Potato Leafroll Virus ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Potato Viruses ◽  
Tuber Necrosis ◽  
Aphid Vectors ◽  
Leafroll Virus ◽  
And Control

The mechanisms of transmission of potato viruses from plants to aphid vectors and from aphids to uninfected plants are described, including the example of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae, GPA). Factors affecting the spreading of tuber necrosis and its manifestation on plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV) are discussed. Recommendations for PLRV and GPA control in the field are given.

scholarly journals Unresolved advantages of multipartitism in spatially structured environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P Zwart ◽  
Stéphane Blanc ◽  
Marcelle Johnson ◽  
Susanna Manrubia ◽  
Yannis Michalakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Organization ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Distinct Virus ◽  
Network Epidemiology ◽  
Short Commentary ◽  
Animal Hosts

Abstract Multipartite viruses have segmented genomes and package each of their genome segments individually into distinct virus particles. Multipartitism is common among plant viruses, but why this apparently costly genome organization and packaging has evolved remains unclear. Recently Zhang and colleagues developed network epidemiology models to study the epidemic spread of multipartite viruses and their distribution over plant and animal hosts (Phys. Rev. Lett. 2019, 123, 138101). In this short commentary, we call into question the relevance of these results because of key model assumptions. First, the model of plant hosts assumes virus transmission only occurs between adjacent plants. This assumption overlooks the basic but imperative fact that most multipartite viruses are transmitted over variable distances by mobile animal vectors, rendering the model results irrelevant to differences between plant and animal hosts. Second, when not all genome segments of a multipartite virus are transmitted to a host, the model assumes an incessant latent infection occurs. This is a bold assumption for which there is no evidence to date, making the relevance of these results to understanding multipartitism questionable.

scholarly journals Influence of Freezing and Different Drying Methods on Volatile Profiles of Strawberry and Analysis of Volatile Compounds of Strawberry Commercial Jams

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4153
Author(s):  
Doaa Abouelenein ◽  
Ahmed M. Mustafa ◽  
Simone Angeloni ◽  
Germana Borsetta ◽  
Sauro Vittori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Drying ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Ethyl Hexanoate ◽  
Complete Destruction ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Volatile Profiles

Strawberry is the most consumed berry fruit worldwide due to its unique aroma and flavor. Drying fruits to produce a powder represents one of the possible conservation methods to extend their shelf-life. The aim of the present study was to compare the influence of freezing and different drying methods on the volatile profile of strawberry using the HS-SPME/GC–MS method, in addition to analysis of strawberry jam volatiles. A total of 165 compounds were identified, accounting for 85.03–96.88% of the total volatile compositions. Results and PCA showed that freezing and each drying process affected the volatile profile in a different way, and the most remarkable representative differential volatiles were ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, mesifurane, (E)-nerolidol, γ-decalactone, 1-hexanol, and acetoin. Shade air-dried, frozen, freeze-dried, and oven-dried 45 °C samples retained more of the fruity and sweet aromas of strawberry, representing more than 68% of the total aroma intensity according to the literature. In contrast, the microwave-drying method showed drastic loss of fruity esters. Strawberry jams demonstrated complete destruction of esters and alcohols in most jams, while terpenes were significantly increased. These findings help better understand the aroma of strawberry and provide a guide for the effects of drying, freezing, and jam processing.

Hosts and non-hosts in plant virology and the effects of plant viruses on host plants

2014 ◽  
pp. 105-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Takács ◽  
József Horváth ◽  
Richard Gáborjányi ◽  
Gabriella Kazinczi ◽  
József Mikulás
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Virology

scholarly journals Agasicles hygrophila attack increases nerolidol synthase gene expression in Alternanthera philoxeroides, facilitating host finding

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanxin Wang ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
Xingchun Wang ◽  
Dong Jia ◽  
Jun Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Alternanthera Philoxeroides ◽  
Terpene Synthase ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Plant Volatile Compounds

Abstract Herbivorous insects use plant volatile compounds to find their host plants for feeding and egg deposition. The monophagous beetle Agasicles hygrophila uses a volatile (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonanetriene (DMNT) to recognize its host plant Alternanthera philoxeroides. Alternanthera philoxeroides releases DMNT in response to A. hygrophila attack and nerolidol synthase (NES) is a key enzyme in DMNT biosynthesis; however, the effect of A. hygrophila on NES expression remains unclear. In this study, the A. philoxeroides transcriptome was sequenced and six putative NES genes belonging to the terpene synthase-g family were characterized. The expression of these NES genes was assayed at different times following A. hygrophila contact, feeding or mechanical wounding. Results showed that A. hygrophila contact and feeding induced NES expression more rapidly and more intensely than mechanical wounding alone. This may account for a large release of DMNT following A. hygrophila feeding in a previous study and subsequently facilitate A. hygrophila to find host plants. Our research provides a powerful genetic platform for studying invasive plants and lays the foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between A. philoxeroides and its specialist A. hygrophila.

scholarly journals Interactions between a luteovirus and the GroEL chaperonin protein of the symbiotic bacterium Buchnera aphidicola of aphids

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1467-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Bouvaine ◽  
Neil Boonham ◽  
Angela E. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Binding Site ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Symbiotic Bacterium ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Virus Binding ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Groel Protein ◽  
Virus Interactions

Luteoviruses and poleroviruses are important plant viruses transmitted exclusively by aphids in a circulative manner via the aphid haemolymph. A chaperonin protein, GroEL, synthesized in aphids by a symbiotic bacterium, Buchnera aphidicola, is hypothesized to bind to virus particles in the haemolymph, thereby promoting transmission. To investigate this hypothesis, the GroEL-binding site for barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was determined in vitro, and the abundance of GroEL protein in different aphid tissues was investigated. Virus binding to a peptide library representing the full GroEL molecule revealed a single binding site that coincides with the site that anchors two GroEL rings to form the native GroEL tetradecamer. In the functional form of the GroEL protein, virus binding would compete with the formation of the two GroEL rings. Using a mAb raised against a Buchnera-specific GroEL epitope, GroEL was detected in Buchnera cells by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry, but not in the aphid haemolymph, fat body or gut. From the prediction here that GroEL–virus interactions are probably severely limited by competition with other GroEL molecules, and the evidence that GroEL is not available to interact with virus particles in vivo, it is concluded that GroEL–virus interactions are unlikely to contribute to virus transmission by aphids.

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