The effects of tea plants-soybean intercropping on the secondary metabolites of tea plants by metabolomics analysis

Abstract Background Intercropping, especially with legumes, as a productive and sustainable system, can promote plants growth and improves the soil quality than the sole crop, is an essential cultivation pattern in modern agricultural systems. However, the metabolic changes of secondary metabolites and the growth in tea plants during the processing of intercropping with soybean have not been fully analyzed. Results The secondary metabolomic of the tea plants were significant influence with intercropping soybean during the different growth stages. Especially in the profuse flowering stage of intercropping soybean, the biosynthesis of amino acids was significantly impacted, and the flavonoid biosynthesis, the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis also were changed. And the expression of metabolites associated with amino acids metabolism, particularly glutamate, glutamine, lysine and arginine were up-regulated, while the expression of the sucrose and D-Glucose-6P were down-regulated. Furthermore, the chlorophyll photosynthetic parameters and the photosynthetic activity of tea plants were higher in the tea plants-soybean intercropping system. Conclusions These results strengthen our understanding of the metabolic mechanisms in tea plant’s secondary metabolites under the tea plants-soybean intercropping system and demonstrate that the intercropping system of leguminous crops is greatly potential to improve tea quality. These may provide the basis for reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer and improve the ecosystem in tea plantations.

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Correlation of Deoxynivalenol Accumulation in Fusarium-Infected Winter and Spring Wheat Cultivars with Secondary Metabolites at Different Growth Stages

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01162 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (22) ◽

pp. 4545-4555 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Thomas Etzerodt ◽

Rene Gislum ◽

Bente B. Laursen ◽

Kirsten Heinrichson ◽

Per L. Gregersen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Different Growth Stages

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Silicon-Mediated Enhancement of Heavy Metal Tolerance in Rice at Different Growth Stages

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15102193 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 2193 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Fei Huang ◽

Xiao-Hui Wen ◽

Yi-Xia Cai ◽

Kun-Zheng Cai

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Metal Tolerance ◽

Heavy Metal Tolerance ◽

Membrane Integrity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Photosynthetic Parameters ◽

Cell Membrane Integrity ◽

Zn Toxicity ◽

Different Growth Stages

Silicon (Si) plays important roles in alleviating heavy metal stress in rice plants. Here we investigated the physiological response of rice at different growth stages under the silicon-induced mitigation of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) toxicity. Si treatment increased the dry weight of shoots and roots and reduced the Cd and Zn concentrations in roots, stems, leaves and grains. Under the stress of exposure to Cd and Zn, photosynthetic parameters including the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence decreased, while the membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities increased under heavy metals stress, but superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities decreased. The magnitude of these Cd- and Zn-induced changes was mitigated by Si-addition at different growth stages. The available Cd concentration increased in the soil but significantly decreased in the shoots, which suggested that Si treatment prevents Cd accumulation through internal mechanisms by limiting Cd2+ uptake by the roots. Overall, the phenomena of Si-mediated alleviation of Cd and excess Zn toxicity in two rice cultivars could be due to the limitation of metal uptake and transport, resulting in an improvement in cell membrane integrity, photosynthetic performance and anti-oxidative enzyme activities after Si treatment.

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Effects of No-Tillage and Ploughing on Roots of Maize and Leguminous Crops

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700010899 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 185-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

P. R. Maurya ◽

R. Lal

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Surface Layer ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Root Development ◽

Cajanus Cajan ◽

Growth Stages ◽

No Tillage ◽

Maize Roots ◽

Leguminous Crops ◽

Different Growth Stages

SUMMARYRoot development of maize (Zea mays), soyabean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) was investigated with and without tillage. Observations were made at different growth stages by digging trenches normal to the rows, by core sampling, and by observing growth of roots against glass windows. There were more maize roots in the surface layer (0–10 cm) with no-tillage than in conventionally ploughed plots, but at 10–40 cm maize roots were more abundant and soyabean and pigeonpea roots less so in the no-tillage plots.

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Elevated CO2 induces age-dependent restoration of growth and metabolism in gibberellin-deficient plants

10.1101/555292 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Karla Gasparini ◽

Lucas C. Costa ◽

Fred A. L. Brito ◽

Thaline M. Pimenta ◽

Flávio Barcellos Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Photosynthetic Parameters ◽

Primary Metabolism ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Primary Metabolites ◽

Stunted Growth ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Different Growth Stages ◽

Ga Content

AbstractMain conclusion The effect of elevated [CO2] on the growth of tomato plants with reduced GA content is influenced by developmental stage.The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere during the last decades has aroused interest in the function of this gas in the growth and development of plants. Despite the known association between elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and plant growth, its effects in association with gibberellin (GA), plant hormone that regulates de major aspects of plant growth, are still poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of elevated [CO2] on growth and primary metabolism in tomato plants with drastic reduction in GA content (gib-1) at two different growth stages (21 and 35 days after germination, dag). Disruption on growth, photosynthetic parameters and primary metabolism were restored when gib-1 plants were transferred to elevated [CO2] at 21 dag. Elevated [CO2] also stimulated growth and photosynthetic parameters in Wild type (WT) plants at 21 dag, however, minor changes were observed in the level of primary metabolites. At 35 dag, elevated [CO2] did not stimulate growth in WT plants and gib-1 mutants showed their characteristic stunted growth phenotype.

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Effect of growth stages and fertility levels on growth, yield and quality of fodder oats (Avena sativa L.)

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v9i3.1355 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 1287-1296

Author(s):

Gurjeet Kaur ◽

Meenakshi Goyal

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Avena Sativa ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Ash Content ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Different Growth Stages

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield and quality parameters of oats (Avena sativa L.) at forage research farm in Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Four different nitrogen levels viz. 0 (control), 50, 75 (recommended) and 100 Kg N/ha were applied in the form of urea. Samples were collected at three different growth stages i.e. 30, 45 and 60 DAS. As the growth of plant continued decrease in total nitrogen (45%), non protein nitro-gen (37%), ether extract (13%), ash content (24%) and digestibility (23%) was observed. But increase in free amino acids (48%) and cell wall constituents i.e. ADF (19%), NDF (31%) and CF (34%)with plant’s growth was reported. The interactive effect of varying levels of inorganic fertilizer application on the chemical composition of the plant at various growth stages revealed an increase in total nitrogen (18%), non protein nitrogen (26%), ether extract (18%), free amino acids (32%), ash content (13%) and digestibility (7%) with increase in fertilizer level however ADF (7%), NDF (2%) and CF (3%)content decreased with increased levels of nitrogen fertilization. Correlation studies showed that significant negative correlation was present forin vitro dry matter digestibility with acid detergent fiber (r= -.861**), neutral detergent fiber (r= -.891**) and crude fiber (r= -.740**) at recommended dose of N fertilization. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilization at different growth stages on quality components in oats fodder.

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Lifestyle Characteristics and Gene Expression Analysis of Colletotrichum camelliae Isolated from Tea Plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] Based on Transcriptome

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10050782 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 782

Author(s):

Fei Xiong ◽

Yuchun Wang ◽

Qinhua Lu ◽

Xinyuan Hao ◽

Wanping Fang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Melanin Biosynthesis ◽

Go Enrichment ◽

Genetic Information Processing ◽

Interactive Relationship ◽

Tea Plants ◽

Biological Process Category ◽

Different Growth Stages

Colletotrichum camelliae is one of the most serious pathogens causing anthracnose in tea plants, but the interactive relationship between C. camelliae and tea plants has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the gene expression changes in five different growth stages of C. camelliae based on transcriptome analysis to explain the lifestyle characteristics during the infection. On the basis of gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparisons of germ tube (GT)/conidium (Con), appressoria (App)/Con, and cellophane infectious hyphae (CIH)/Con groups, the cellular process in the biological process category and intracellular, intracellular part, cell, and cell part in the cellular component category were significantly enriched. Hydrolase activity, catalytic activity, and molecular_function in the molecular function category were particularly enriched in the infection leaves (IL)/Con group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched in the genetic information processing pathway (ribosome) at the GT stage and the metabolism pathway (metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolism) in the rest of the stages. Interestingly, the genes associated with melanin biosynthesis and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys), which are vital for penetration and cell wall degradation, were significantly upregulated at the App, CIH and IL stages. Subcellular localization results further showed that the selected non-annotated secreted proteins based on transcriptome data were majorly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus, predicted as new candidate effectors. The results of this study may establish a foundation and provide innovative ideas for subsequent research on C. camelliae.

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Metabolomics reveals the within-plant spatial effects of shading on tea plants

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpaa127 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Qunfeng Zhang ◽

Meiya Liu ◽

Roland Mumm ◽

Ric C H Vos ◽

Jianyun Ruan

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Green Tea ◽

Polar Compounds ◽

Spatial Effects ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Spatial Regulation ◽

Tea Quality ◽

Tea Plants ◽

Insight Into

Abstract It is well known that green tea made from fully developed leaves located at the base of young shoots is of lower quality than that made from the still developing leaves located on the top of the shoot. It has additionally been shown that plant shading can significantly improve green tea quality. Here, we aimed to get more insight into the effects of shading on the overall metabolome in different parts of the tea shoots. To do this, field-grown tea plants were shaded by coverage with either a straw layer or a black net, both blocking the daylight intensity for more than 90%. Both the first (i.e. still developing) leaf and the fourth (i.e. fully developed) leaf, as well as the stem of young shoots were harvested and subjected to complementary untargeted metabolomics approaches, using accurate mass LC-Orbitrap-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) for profiling both semi-polar and lipid-soluble compounds and GC-TOF-MS for profiling polar compounds. In total, 1419 metabolites were detected. Shading resulted in a decreased ratio of polyphenols to amino acids (which improves the quality of green tea) and lower levels of galloylated catechins in the shoots. The positive effect of shading on the amino acid/catechin ratio was more pronounced in the fully developed (fourth) than in the developing (first) leaves. Furthermore, many metabolites, especially organic acids, carbohydrates and amino acids, showed differential or opposite responses to the shading treatments between the three shoot tissues investigated, suggesting a within-plant spatial regulation or transport/redistribution of carbon and nitrogen resources between the tissues of the growing young shoots. This work provides new insight into the spatial effects of shading on tea plants, which could further help to increase tea quality by improving cultivation measures for plant shading. Highlights

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The tea plant CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 transporters take up amino acids, as a nitrogen source, from the soil of organic tea plantations

Horticulture Research ◽

10.1038/s41438-021-00615-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fang Li ◽

Chunxia Dong ◽

Tianyuan Yang ◽

Shilai Bao ◽

Wanping Fang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Amino Acid Uptake ◽

Amino Acid Transporters ◽

Acid Uptake ◽

Tea Plantation ◽

Tea Plantations ◽

Organic Tea ◽

Tea Plants

AbstractOrganic tea is more popular than conventional tea that originates from fertilized plants. Amino acids inorganic soils constitute a substantial pool nitrogen (N) available for plants. However, the amino-acid contents in soils of tea plantations and how tea plants take up these amino acids remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that the amino-acid content in the soil of an organic tea plantation is significantly higher than that of a conventional tea plantation. Glutamate, alanine, valine, and leucine were the most abundant amino acids in the soil of this tea plantation. When 15N-glutamate was fed to tea plants, it was efficiently absorbed and significantly increased the contents of other amino acids in the roots. We cloned seven CsLHT genes encoding amino-acid transporters and found that the expression of CsLHT1, CsLHT2, and CsLHT6 in the roots significantly increased upon glutamate feeding. Moreover, the expression of CsLHT1 or CsLHT6 in a yeast amino-acid uptake-defective mutant, 22∆10α, enabled growth on media with amino acids constituting the sole N source. Amino-acid uptake assays indicated that CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 are H+-dependent high- and low-affinity amino-acid transporters, respectively. We further demonstrated that CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 are highly expressed in the roots and are localized to the plasma membrane. Moreover, overexpression of CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 in Arabidopsis significantly improved the uptake of exogenously supplied 15N-glutamate and 15N-glutamine. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the involvement of CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 in amino-acid uptake from the soil, which is particularly important for tea plants grown inorganic tea plantations.

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Non-targeted and targeted metabolomics profiling of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) in response to its intercropping with Chinese chestnut

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-02841-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tian Wu ◽

Rui Zou ◽

Dian Pu ◽

Zengquan Lan ◽

Bingyu Zhao

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Green Tea ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Targeted Metabolomics ◽

Chinese Chestnut ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Tea Quality ◽

Tea Plants

Abstract Background Intercropping is often used in the tea producing areas where land resources are not so abundant, and the produced green tea is tasted more delicious through a tea-Chinese chestnut intercropping system according to the experience of indigenous farmers. The length and weight of tea leaf increase under this intercropping system and their root systems are stratified vertically and coordinate symbiosis. However, the delicacy mechanism under the intercropping is not fully understood. Results Green tea from the Chinese chestnut–tea intercropping system established in the 1980s ranked highest compared with a pure tea plantation from the same region. Based on the non-targeted metabolomics, 100 differential metabolites were upregulated in the tea leaves from intercropping system relative to monoculture system. Twenty-one amino acids were upregulated and three downregulated in response to the intercropping based on the targeted metabolomics; half of the upregulated amino acids had positive effects on the tea taste. Levels of allantoic acid, sugars, sugar alcohols, and oleic acid were higher and less bitter flavonoids in the intercropping system than those in monoculture system. The upregulated metabolites could promote the quality of tea and its health-beneficial health effects. Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism showed the greatest difference. Numerous pathways associated with amino acid metabolism altered, suggesting that the intercropping of Chinese chestnut–tea could greatly influence amino acid metabolism in tea plants. Conclusions These results enhance our understanding of the metabolic mechanisms by which tea quality is improved in the Chinese chestnut–tea intercropping system and demonstrate that there is great potential to improve tea quality at the metabolomic level by adopting such an intercropping system.

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