The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving for parents among adult married females: evidence from China

Abstract Background Married female caregivers face a higher risk of an informal care burden than other caregivers. No study has explored the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on the intensity of informal care provided by married female caregivers in China. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine how the SES of married female caregivers affects the intensity of the informal care they provide for their parents/parents-in-law in China. Methods The data for this study were drawn from 8 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The respondents were married women whose parents/parents-in-law needed care and lived in the same city as them. SES was defined based on four indicators: education, economic status, employment status, and hukou (China’s household registration system). Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 h/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 h/week), and high-intensity caregivers (10 h/week and above). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relation between SES and the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving among married female caregivers, adjusting for age, family characteristics and survey wave. Results Of the 2661 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers accounted for 16.35 and 21.27%, respectively. The multinomial logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver versus (vs. a non-caregiver) increased as the caregiver’s educational attainment increased (p < 0.05), and that high economic status was related to the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver, but this relationship was only significant at the 10% level. Urban females were 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05) and were 1.33 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05). Employed females were 1.25 times more likely than those unemployed females to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05). Conclusions Differences in SES were found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with high educational attainment and urban hukou were more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who were employed and had urban hukou were more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving for parents among adult married females: Evidence from China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17557/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yi Wang ◽

Jiajia Li ◽

Lulu Ding ◽

Yuejing Feng ◽

Xue Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Informal Care ◽

High Intensity ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Economic Status ◽

Registration System ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Married Female

Abstract Background: Married female caregivers face a higher risk of an informal care burden than other caregivers. No study has explored the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on the intensity of informal care provided by married female caregivers in China. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine how the SES of married female caregivers affects the intensity of the informal care they provide for their parents/parents-in-law in China.Methods: The data for this study were drawn from 8 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The respondents were married women whose parents/parents-in-law needed care and lived in the same city as them. SES was defined based on four indicators: education, economic status, employment status, and hukou (China’s household registration system). Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 hrs/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 hrs/week), and high-intensity caregivers (10 hrs/week and above). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relation between SES and the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving among married female caregivers, adjusting for age, family characteristics and survey wave.Results: Of the 2661 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers accounted for 16.35% and 21.27%, respectively. The multinomial logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver versus (vs. a non-caregiver) increased as the caregiver’s educational attainment increased (p < 0.05), and that high economic status was related to the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver, but this relationship was only significant at the 10% level. Urban females were 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05) and were 1.33 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05). Employed females were 1.25 times more likely than those unemployed females to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Differences in SES were found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with high educational attainment and urban hukou were more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who were employed and had urban hukou were more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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The effect of socioeconomic status among adult married females on informal caregiving for parents: Evidence from China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17557/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yi Wang ◽

Jiajia Li ◽

Lulu Ding ◽

Yuejing Feng ◽

Xue Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Informal Care ◽

High Intensity ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Family Characteristics ◽

Regression Result ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Married Female

Abstract Background: Married female caregivers face a higher risk of informal care burden. There is no study to explore the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) among married female caregivers on informal care intensity in China. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine how the SES of married female caregivers affects the amount of informal care they provide for their parents/in-law in China.Methods: 8 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey were pooled, and that the selection comprised only those women whose parents/in law had a need for care and were living in the same city. Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 hrs/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 hrs/week), and high-intensity caregivers (10 hrs/week and above). Chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the SES of the women between non-, low-, and high-intensity caregivers. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to calculate relative risk ratios (RRR) for various SES variables to assess the relation of SES on the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving in the household, adjusting for age, marital status, family characteristics and wave. Results: Of the 2741 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers account for 16.42% and 21.38% respectively. Multinomial logistic regression result shows that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver versus (vs.) a non-caregiver increases as the caregiver’s education attainment increases (p<0.05), and high income is related to the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver, but it is only significant at 10% level. Urban females are 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p<0.05) and are 1.34 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care (p<0.05). Employed females are 1.27 times more likely than those non-employed to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p<0.05).Conclusions: Differences in SES are found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with high educational attainment and urban Hukou are more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who are employed and with urban Hukou are more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving intensity of adult females for parents: Evidence from a national study in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17557/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yi Wang ◽

Jiajia Li ◽

Lulu Ding ◽

Yuejing Feng ◽

Xue Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Informal Care ◽

High Intensity ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Informal Caregiving ◽

Family Characteristics ◽

National Study ◽

Education Attainment ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Low Intensity

Abstract Background Few studies explored the effect of SES of caregivers on informal caregiving in China, especially from a female perspective. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine how the SES of female caregivers affects the amount of informal care they provide for parents in China. Methods The data used in this study was derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 hrs/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 hrs/week), and high-intensity caregivers (more than 10 hrs/week). Chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the SES of the women between non-, low-, and high-intensity caregivers. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to calculate relative risk ratios (RRR) for various SES variables to assess the relation of SES on the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving in the household, adjusting for age, marital status, family characteristics and wave. Results Of the 2741 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers accounted for 16.42% and 21.38% respectively. Multinomial logistic regression results found that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver vs. a non-caregivers increased as the caregiver’s education attainment increased. Urban females were 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05) and were 1.34 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05). Employed females were 1.27 times more likely than those non-employed to provide low-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05). Conclusions Differences in SES were found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with higher SES (higher education attainment, higher incomes, and urban Hukou ) were more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who were employed and with urban Hukou were more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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Food Security and Its Association with Socioeconomic Status and Diet Diversity in Free Living Elderly in Tehran, Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-28947/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Pourebrahim ◽

Nasrin Omidvar ◽

Arezoo Rezazadeh ◽

Hassan Eini-Zinab ◽

Pedram Shirani

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Food Security ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Economic Status ◽

The Elderly ◽

Free Living ◽

Diet Diversity ◽

Socio Economic Status

Abstract Backgrounds: Food security is one of the most important factors affecting food access and diet diversity. Older age is a period when adequate and diverse dietary intake is a challenge and there is a high risk for malnutrition. This study aimed to investigate the association between food security, dietary diversity and socioeconomic factors among the free-living elderly in the city of Tehran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 583 elderlies (279 men and 304 women) aged 60–80 years were selected through clustered systematic multi-stage sampling method from 10 districts of Tehran city. Food security status of the subjects was determined using locally validated version of the United States Household Food Security Survey Module )US-HFSSM( questionnaire. Socio-economic status was assessed by a questionnaire. Dietary intake of the subjects was evaluated using two 24-hour recalls (one weekday and one week-end) through face-to-face interviews. Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was calculated using the FAO 2010 guideline. Multinomial logistic regression was applied for the analysis. Results The average age of participants was 67.87 ± 5.86 years. Based on US-HFSSM, 56.9% of the elderly were food secure; while 25.7%, 14.2% and 3.2% suffered from food insecurity (FI) without hunger, with moderate hunger, and with severe hunger, respectively. There was no association between FI and DDS, even after controlling for confounders. Multinomial logistic regression models suggested that after adjusting for age and gender, being illiterate increased the possibility of different levels of food insecurity [(OR = 3.107, 95% CI = 1.672–5.775), (OR = 2.736, 95% CI = 1.261–5.935) and (OR = 6.193, 95% CI = 1.368–28.039)], respectively. Also, FI with mild hunger was associated with total household income (OR = 2.744, 95% CI = 1.100-6.846), while FI with severe hunger was significantly associated with Fars ethnicity (OR = 0.146, 95% CI = 0.051–0.424). Conclusions Overall, socio-economic status and demographic characteristics were the predictors of FI among the elderly, while DDS was not associated with FI.

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Socioeconomic status inequity in inpatient service utilization based on need among migrants: Evidence from a national study in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-29742/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yi Wang ◽

Zhengyue Jing ◽

Lulu Ding ◽

Xue Tang ◽

Yuejing Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Service Utilization ◽

Access To Health Care ◽

Concentration Index ◽

Economic Status ◽

Dynamic Monitoring ◽

National Study ◽

Inpatient Service ◽

Middle Income

Abstract Background: Equity in access to healthcare is a major health policy challenge in many low- and middle- income countries. However, millions of people, especially migrants, do not have the adequate access to health care they need. This study aims to identify the socioeconomic status (SES) inequities in inpatient service utilization based on need among migrants by using a nationally representative study in China.Methods: The data used in this study was derived from the 2014 National Internal Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey collected by the National Health Commission of China. We used logistic regression method and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and calculated the concentration index to measure inequities of SES in inpatient service utilization based on need. Sample weights provided in the survey were applied in all the analysis to represent the China population.Results: The total number of the migrants who needed inpatient service told by doctors was 7592, of which, 1667 (21.96%) did not use the inpatient services (unmet inpatient service need). Results showed that inpatient service utilization concentrated among high-SES migrants (Concentration Index: 0.041, p <0.001) and the decomposition results suggested that about 53.76% of the total SES gap in inpatient service utilization could be attributed to the gradient effect. After adjusting for other confounding variables, the odds ratios of inpatient service utilization by internal migrants with high SES according to educational attainment, economic status, and employment status were 1.41 (95% CI 1.08-1.85, p =0.012), 1.25 (95% CI 1.01-1.56, p =0.046), and 1.62 (95% CI 1.12-2.36, p =0.011), respectively.Conclusion: This study observed an inequity in inpatient service utilization where the utilization concentrates among high SES migrants. This suggests that future policies should make the reimbursement more pro-poor among migrants in primary care and use more effective policies targeting the migrants with low educational attainment and unemployed, such as health education activities.

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The impacts of caregiving intensity on informal caregivers in Malaysia: findings from a national survey

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-021-06412-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Suhana Jawahir ◽

Ee Hong Tan ◽

Yeung R’ong Tan ◽

Sarah Nurain Mohd Noh ◽

Iqbal Ab Rahim

Keyword(s):

Informal Care ◽

High Intensity ◽

Informal Caregivers ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Ageing Population ◽

Social Activities ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Low Intensity

Abstract Background Provision of informal care may adversely affect health, daily and social activities of the informal caregivers, but few studies have examined these effects in relation to caregiving intensity. This study examined the predictive factors associated with the effects of caregiving roles on health, daily and social activities of informal caregivers, accounting for caregiving intensity. Methods Data of adults aged 18 years and over from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 were used. Respondent’s demographic, socioeconomic, health, and caregiving-related characteristics were described using complex samples analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors affecting health, daily and social activities of caregivers, accounting for caregiving intensity. Results Five point one percent of adults in Malaysia provided informal care. High intensity caregivers were more likely to be actively employed and provided longer duration of care compared with low intensity caregivers. For low intensity caregiving, females, those aged 35–59 years, and those with long-term condition were more likely to have negative effects on health. Daily activities of non-Malays were more likely to be affected, while no factor was found significantly associated with effect on social activities. For high intensity caregiving, caregivers aged 60 and over, those received training and those without assistance were more likely to have negative effects on health. Daily activities of those without assistance were more likely to be affected. Social activities of non-Malays, those received training and those providing care for 2 years or more were more likely to be affected. Conclusions Our study indicates that both low- and high-intensity caregivers have common features, with the exception of employment status and care duration. Caregiving, regardless of intensity, has a significant impact on caregivers. In order to reduce the negative consequences of caregiving responsibilities, all caregivers need assistance from the community and government, that is customised to their needs. By addressing the factors contributing to the negative effects of caregiving, a continuation of informal caregiving can be sustained through policies supporting the growing demand for informal care necessitated by an ageing population and higher life expectancy in Malaysia.

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Post-Pregnancy Factors Predicting Teen Mothers’ Educational Attainment by Age 30 in Two National Cohorts

Youth & Society ◽

10.1177/0044118x211026941 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0044118X2110269

Author(s):

Julie Maslowsky ◽

Haley Stritzel ◽

Elizabeth T. Gershoff

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Child Care ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Educational Outcomes ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Teen Mothers ◽

High School Diploma ◽

Longitudinal Surveys ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Selection Factors

Women who begin childbearing as teenagers attain lower levels of education than women who delay childbearing until age 20 and later. Little is known about post-pregnancy factors that predict educational attainment among teen mothers. The current study examined whether teen mothers’ environment and experiences 2 years after their first birth contribute to their educational outcomes by age 30, net of selection factors associated with teenage childbearing. Data were from two cohorts, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 ( N = 241) and 1997 ( N = 378). Multinomial logistic regression modeling was used to assess associations of post-pregnancy factors with teen mothers’ educational attainment. Having child care was associated with increased odds of attaining a high school diploma and of attending college in both cohorts. Providing regular and subsidized child care for teen mothers is an opportunity to support teen mothers in achieving higher levels of educational attainment.

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Self-Treatment among the Elderly—A Comparative Study between Empty and Non-Empty Nesters in Shandong, China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17217880 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (21) ◽

pp. 7880

Author(s):

Zhaorong Gao ◽

Lingzhong Xu ◽

Wenzhe Qin ◽

Jiao Zhang ◽

Jinling Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Economic Status ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

The Elderly ◽

Study Data ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Targeted Interventions

(1) Objectives: With an aging society in China, self-treatment now plays an important role in health care among older adults, but it can be problematic. This study aims to explore and compare the self-treatment behavior among empty and non-empty nesters. (2) Methods: Using a multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method, a total of 4366 elderly people aged 60 and above from Shandong Province, China, were enrolled in this study. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the associated factors of self-treatment. (3) Results: The prevalence of self-treatment in empty nesters was significantly lower than that in non-empty ones (74.0% vs. 83.3%). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that higher educational level and poorer self-rated economic status were negatively associated with self-treatment in empty nesters, while unemployed and urban and rural residents’ basic medical insurance were positively associated with self-treatment in non-empty ones. (4) Conclusions: The study indicated that empty nesters had lower likelihood of self-treatment than non-empty ones. Empty nesters with better socioeconomic status were more likely to use self-treatment; by contrast, non-empty nesters with relatively poorer socioeconomic status were more inclined to self-treatment. Targeted interventions should be developed to maximize the effectiveness of self-treatment and reduce health risks.

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Predictive Factors in Intensive Math Course-Taking in High School

Professional School Counseling ◽

10.1177/2156759x1001300307 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 2156759X1001300

Author(s):

Daniel T. Sciarra

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

High School Students ◽

School Counselors ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Student Expectations ◽

School Students ◽

Algebra 2 ◽

Parent Aspirations

This article presents a study that investigated factors that distinguish high school students who completed at least one course beyond Algebra 2 from those who completed a course in Algebra 2 or less. The sample included a cohort of 11,909 high school seniors who participated in the Educational Longitudinal Study 2002–2004. Data were analyzed using a multinomial logistic regression and results indicated that student expectations, parent aspirations, race, and socioeconomic status were among the most significant predictors. Implications for school counselors are discussed.

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Conditioning Intensity and Probability of Live Birth after Blood or Marrow Transplantation (BMT): a BMTSS Report

Blood Advances ◽

10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006300 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nora Balas ◽

Lindsey Hageman ◽

Jessica Wu ◽

Liton Francisco ◽

Elizabeth Schlichting Ross ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Live Birth ◽

High Intensity ◽

Marrow Transplantation ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Exposure Variable ◽

Total Body ◽

Conditioning Intensity ◽

The Impact

We examine the impact of conditioning intensity (low intensity: non-myeloablative/reduced intensity vs. high intensity: myeloablative) and total body irradiation (TBI) on the probability of live birth after blood or marrow transplantation (BMT). Study participants were drawn from the BMT Survivor Study (BMTSS), and included 1,607 survivors transplanted 1974-2014 at age ≤45, with survival ≥2y post-BMT and age at study ≥18. Closest-age, same-sex biologic siblings (n=172) were 1:1 matched with 172 survivors. Survivors and siblings self-reported information on sociodemographic, chronic health conditions, and pregnancies. Within survivor analysis: The association between the primary exposure variable (No TBI/low-intensity conditioning; 200-800cGy TBI/low-intensity conditioning; No TBI/ high-intensity conditioning; >800cGy TBI/ high-intensity conditioning) and the odds of no post-BMT live birth was examined using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for clinical and demographic variables. Median age at BMT was 31y (IQR=0-45), and median length of follow-up was 14.3y (IQR=2.4-41.4); 39.3% were autologous BMT recipients and 46.6% were female. Overall, 120 (8.7%) survivors reported post-BMT live births. Receipt of >800cGy TBI/ high-intensity conditioning (OR=3.7, 95%CI=1.9-7.0; ref: no TBI/low-intensity conditioning) was associated with higher odds of reporting no live birth post-BMT. In contrast, 200-800cGy TBI/low-intensity conditioning (OR=1.3, 95%CI=0.5-3.3), and no TBI/high-intensity conditioning (OR=0.9, 95%CI=0.5-1.7) were at similar risk of reporting post-BMT live birth as no TBI/low-intensity conditioning. Comparison with biologic siblings: Using conditional logistic regression, we found that BMT survivors were more likely to report no live birth (OR=2.0, 95%CI: 1.2-3.3) compared with siblings. These findings could inform conditioning intensity options for patients wishing to preserve fertility post-BMT.

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