The effect of socioeconomic status among adult married females on informal caregiving for parents: Evidence from China

Abstract Background: Married female caregivers face a higher risk of informal care burden. There is no study to explore the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) among married female caregivers on informal care intensity in China. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine how the SES of married female caregivers affects the amount of informal care they provide for their parents/in-law in China.Methods: 8 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey were pooled, and that the selection comprised only those women whose parents/in law had a need for care and were living in the same city. Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 hrs/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 hrs/week), and high-intensity caregivers (10 hrs/week and above). Chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the SES of the women between non-, low-, and high-intensity caregivers. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to calculate relative risk ratios (RRR) for various SES variables to assess the relation of SES on the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving in the household, adjusting for age, marital status, family characteristics and wave. Results: Of the 2741 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers account for 16.42% and 21.38% respectively. Multinomial logistic regression result shows that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver versus (vs.) a non-caregiver increases as the caregiver’s education attainment increases (p<0.05), and high income is related to the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver, but it is only significant at 10% level. Urban females are 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p<0.05) and are 1.34 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care (p<0.05). Employed females are 1.27 times more likely than those non-employed to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p<0.05).Conclusions: Differences in SES are found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with high educational attainment and urban Hukou are more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who are employed and with urban Hukou are more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving for parents among adult married females: evidence from China

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-021-02094-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yi Wang ◽

Jiajia Li ◽

Lulu Ding ◽

Yuejing Feng ◽

Xue Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Informal Care ◽

High Intensity ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Economic Status ◽

Registration System ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Married Female

Abstract Background Married female caregivers face a higher risk of an informal care burden than other caregivers. No study has explored the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on the intensity of informal care provided by married female caregivers in China. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine how the SES of married female caregivers affects the intensity of the informal care they provide for their parents/parents-in-law in China. Methods The data for this study were drawn from 8 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The respondents were married women whose parents/parents-in-law needed care and lived in the same city as them. SES was defined based on four indicators: education, economic status, employment status, and hukou (China’s household registration system). Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 h/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 h/week), and high-intensity caregivers (10 h/week and above). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relation between SES and the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving among married female caregivers, adjusting for age, family characteristics and survey wave. Results Of the 2661 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers accounted for 16.35 and 21.27%, respectively. The multinomial logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver versus (vs. a non-caregiver) increased as the caregiver’s educational attainment increased (p < 0.05), and that high economic status was related to the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver, but this relationship was only significant at the 10% level. Urban females were 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05) and were 1.33 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05). Employed females were 1.25 times more likely than those unemployed females to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05). Conclusions Differences in SES were found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with high educational attainment and urban hukou were more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who were employed and had urban hukou were more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving intensity of adult females for parents: Evidence from a national study in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17557/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yi Wang ◽

Jiajia Li ◽

Lulu Ding ◽

Yuejing Feng ◽

Xue Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Informal Care ◽

High Intensity ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Informal Caregiving ◽

Family Characteristics ◽

National Study ◽

Education Attainment ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Low Intensity

Abstract Background Few studies explored the effect of SES of caregivers on informal caregiving in China, especially from a female perspective. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine how the SES of female caregivers affects the amount of informal care they provide for parents in China. Methods The data used in this study was derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 hrs/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 hrs/week), and high-intensity caregivers (more than 10 hrs/week). Chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the SES of the women between non-, low-, and high-intensity caregivers. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to calculate relative risk ratios (RRR) for various SES variables to assess the relation of SES on the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving in the household, adjusting for age, marital status, family characteristics and wave. Results Of the 2741 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers accounted for 16.42% and 21.38% respectively. Multinomial logistic regression results found that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver vs. a non-caregivers increased as the caregiver’s education attainment increased. Urban females were 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05) and were 1.34 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05). Employed females were 1.27 times more likely than those non-employed to provide low-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05). Conclusions Differences in SES were found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with higher SES (higher education attainment, higher incomes, and urban Hukou ) were more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who were employed and with urban Hukou were more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving for parents among adult married females: Evidence from China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17557/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yi Wang ◽

Jiajia Li ◽

Lulu Ding ◽

Yuejing Feng ◽

Xue Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Informal Care ◽

High Intensity ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Economic Status ◽

Registration System ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Married Female

Abstract Background: Married female caregivers face a higher risk of an informal care burden than other caregivers. No study has explored the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on the intensity of informal care provided by married female caregivers in China. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine how the SES of married female caregivers affects the intensity of the informal care they provide for their parents/parents-in-law in China.Methods: The data for this study were drawn from 8 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The respondents were married women whose parents/parents-in-law needed care and lived in the same city as them. SES was defined based on four indicators: education, economic status, employment status, and hukou (China’s household registration system). Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 hrs/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 hrs/week), and high-intensity caregivers (10 hrs/week and above). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relation between SES and the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving among married female caregivers, adjusting for age, family characteristics and survey wave.Results: Of the 2661 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers accounted for 16.35% and 21.27%, respectively. The multinomial logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver versus (vs. a non-caregiver) increased as the caregiver’s educational attainment increased (p < 0.05), and that high economic status was related to the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver, but this relationship was only significant at the 10% level. Urban females were 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05) and were 1.33 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05). Employed females were 1.25 times more likely than those unemployed females to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Differences in SES were found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with high educational attainment and urban hukou were more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who were employed and had urban hukou were more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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Evaluating the Relationship between Productivity and Quality in Emergency Departments

Journal of Healthcare Engineering ◽

10.1155/2017/9626918 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hyojung Kang ◽

Nathaniel D. Bastian ◽

John P. Riordan

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Emergency Departments ◽

Relative Efficiency ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Working Hours ◽

The United States ◽

Regression Result ◽

Quality Performance ◽

Trade Offs ◽

The Relationship

Background.In the United States, emergency departments (EDs) are constantly pressured to improve operational efficiency and quality in order to gain financial benefits and maintain a positive reputation.Objectives.The first objective is to evaluate how efficiently EDs transform their input resources into quality outputs. The second objective is to investigate the relationship between the efficiency and quality performance of EDs and the factors affecting this relationship.Methods.Using two data sources, we develop a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to evaluate the relative efficiency of EDs. Based on the DEA result, we performed multinomial logistic regression to investigate the relationship between ED efficiency and quality performance.Results.The DEA results indicated that the main source of inefficiencies was working hours of technicians. The multinomial logistic regression result indicated that the number of electrocardiograms and X-ray procedures conducted in the ED and the length of stay were significantly associated with the trade-offs between relative efficiency and quality. Structural ED characteristics did not influence the relationship between efficiency and quality.Conclusions.Depending on the structural and operational characteristics of EDs, different factors can affect the relationship between efficiency and quality.

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The impacts of caregiving intensity on informal caregivers in Malaysia: findings from a national survey

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-021-06412-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Suhana Jawahir ◽

Ee Hong Tan ◽

Yeung R’ong Tan ◽

Sarah Nurain Mohd Noh ◽

Iqbal Ab Rahim

Keyword(s):

Informal Care ◽

High Intensity ◽

Informal Caregivers ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Ageing Population ◽

Social Activities ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Low Intensity

Abstract Background Provision of informal care may adversely affect health, daily and social activities of the informal caregivers, but few studies have examined these effects in relation to caregiving intensity. This study examined the predictive factors associated with the effects of caregiving roles on health, daily and social activities of informal caregivers, accounting for caregiving intensity. Methods Data of adults aged 18 years and over from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 were used. Respondent’s demographic, socioeconomic, health, and caregiving-related characteristics were described using complex samples analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors affecting health, daily and social activities of caregivers, accounting for caregiving intensity. Results Five point one percent of adults in Malaysia provided informal care. High intensity caregivers were more likely to be actively employed and provided longer duration of care compared with low intensity caregivers. For low intensity caregiving, females, those aged 35–59 years, and those with long-term condition were more likely to have negative effects on health. Daily activities of non-Malays were more likely to be affected, while no factor was found significantly associated with effect on social activities. For high intensity caregiving, caregivers aged 60 and over, those received training and those without assistance were more likely to have negative effects on health. Daily activities of those without assistance were more likely to be affected. Social activities of non-Malays, those received training and those providing care for 2 years or more were more likely to be affected. Conclusions Our study indicates that both low- and high-intensity caregivers have common features, with the exception of employment status and care duration. Caregiving, regardless of intensity, has a significant impact on caregivers. In order to reduce the negative consequences of caregiving responsibilities, all caregivers need assistance from the community and government, that is customised to their needs. By addressing the factors contributing to the negative effects of caregiving, a continuation of informal caregiving can be sustained through policies supporting the growing demand for informal care necessitated by an ageing population and higher life expectancy in Malaysia.

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Predictive Factors in Intensive Math Course-Taking in High School

Professional School Counseling ◽

10.1177/2156759x1001300307 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 2156759X1001300

Author(s):

Daniel T. Sciarra

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

High School Students ◽

School Counselors ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Student Expectations ◽

School Students ◽

Algebra 2 ◽

Parent Aspirations

This article presents a study that investigated factors that distinguish high school students who completed at least one course beyond Algebra 2 from those who completed a course in Algebra 2 or less. The sample included a cohort of 11,909 high school seniors who participated in the Educational Longitudinal Study 2002–2004. Data were analyzed using a multinomial logistic regression and results indicated that student expectations, parent aspirations, race, and socioeconomic status were among the most significant predictors. Implications for school counselors are discussed.

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Conditioning Intensity and Probability of Live Birth after Blood or Marrow Transplantation (BMT): a BMTSS Report

Blood Advances ◽

10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006300 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nora Balas ◽

Lindsey Hageman ◽

Jessica Wu ◽

Liton Francisco ◽

Elizabeth Schlichting Ross ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Live Birth ◽

High Intensity ◽

Marrow Transplantation ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Exposure Variable ◽

Total Body ◽

Conditioning Intensity ◽

The Impact

We examine the impact of conditioning intensity (low intensity: non-myeloablative/reduced intensity vs. high intensity: myeloablative) and total body irradiation (TBI) on the probability of live birth after blood or marrow transplantation (BMT). Study participants were drawn from the BMT Survivor Study (BMTSS), and included 1,607 survivors transplanted 1974-2014 at age ≤45, with survival ≥2y post-BMT and age at study ≥18. Closest-age, same-sex biologic siblings (n=172) were 1:1 matched with 172 survivors. Survivors and siblings self-reported information on sociodemographic, chronic health conditions, and pregnancies. Within survivor analysis: The association between the primary exposure variable (No TBI/low-intensity conditioning; 200-800cGy TBI/low-intensity conditioning; No TBI/ high-intensity conditioning; >800cGy TBI/ high-intensity conditioning) and the odds of no post-BMT live birth was examined using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for clinical and demographic variables. Median age at BMT was 31y (IQR=0-45), and median length of follow-up was 14.3y (IQR=2.4-41.4); 39.3% were autologous BMT recipients and 46.6% were female. Overall, 120 (8.7%) survivors reported post-BMT live births. Receipt of >800cGy TBI/ high-intensity conditioning (OR=3.7, 95%CI=1.9-7.0; ref: no TBI/low-intensity conditioning) was associated with higher odds of reporting no live birth post-BMT. In contrast, 200-800cGy TBI/low-intensity conditioning (OR=1.3, 95%CI=0.5-3.3), and no TBI/high-intensity conditioning (OR=0.9, 95%CI=0.5-1.7) were at similar risk of reporting post-BMT live birth as no TBI/low-intensity conditioning. Comparison with biologic siblings: Using conditional logistic regression, we found that BMT survivors were more likely to report no live birth (OR=2.0, 95%CI: 1.2-3.3) compared with siblings. These findings could inform conditioning intensity options for patients wishing to preserve fertility post-BMT.

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Facility Characteristics Associated With Intensity of Care of Nursing Home Residents With Advanced Dementia

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igab046.874 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 227-228

Author(s):

Meghan Hendricksen ◽

Susan Mitchell ◽

Ruth Lopez ◽

Kathleen Mazor ◽

Ellen McCarthy

Keyword(s):

Nursing Home ◽

High Intensity ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Tube Feeding ◽

Nursing Home Residents ◽

Advanced Dementia ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Hospital Referral ◽

Modifiable Factors ◽

Intensity Of Care

Abstract Profound variations in care intensity of nursing home (NH) residents with advanced dementia exist for NHs within and across hospital referral regions (HRRs). Little is known about how these levels of influence relate. Nationwide 2016-2017 Minimum DataSet was used to categorize NHs and HRRs into 4 levels of care intensity based on hospital transfer and tube-feeding rates among residents with advanced dementia: low intensity NH in low intensity HRR; high intensity NH in low intensity HRR; low intensity NH in high intensity HRR; and high intensity NH in high intensity HRR. We used multinomial logistic regression to identify NH characteristics associated with belonging to each of 4-levels of intensity as compared to low intensity NH in low intensity HRRs (reference). We found high intensity NHs in high intensity HRRs were more likely to be in an urbanized area, not have an dementia unit, have an NP/PA on staff, have a higher proportion of residents who were male, age <65, of Black race, and had pressure ulcers, and relatively fewer days on hospice. Whereas in low intensity HRRs, higher proportion of Black residents was the only characteristic associated with being a high intensity NH. These findings suggest potentially modifiable factors within high intensity HRRs that could be targeted to reduce burdensome care, including having a dementia unit, palliative care training for NP/PAs, or increased use of hospice care. This study underscores the critical need to better understand the role race plays in the intensity of care of NH residents with dementia.

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Exploring Racial and Ethnic Differences in Recovery Maintenance From Mobility Limitation

Journal of Aging and Health ◽

10.1177/0898264319826790 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (5-6) ◽

pp. 384-393

Author(s):

Kenzie Latham-Mintus

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Mobility Limitation ◽

Racial And Ethnic Differences ◽

Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽

Retirement Study

Objective: This research examines whether racial and ethnic minorities experience less recovery maintenance (i.e., maintaining their recovery status 2 years later). Method: Using Waves 4-12 (1998-2014) of Health and Retirement Study (HRS), this research examines recovery maintenance among a group of older adults who have previously recovered from mobility limitation. Outcomes included newly acquired mobility limitation (reference), recovery maintenance, and death/attrition. Additional analyses examined whether recovery maintenance predicted disability onset. Results: Analyses used multinomial logistic regression to estimate the odds of recovery maintenance 2 years later. After adjusting for socioeconomic status, there were no significant differences in recovery maintenance among older White and minority adults. Recovery maintenance was a robust predictor of subsequent disability onset; there was suggestive evidence that the effect of recovery maintenance on disability onset varied by race. Discussion: This research provides evidence that the higher rates of recovery among minorities is a form of physical resilience.

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Effect of climate variability on crop income and indigenous adaptation strategies of households

International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management ◽

10.1108/ijccsm-04-2016-0039 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 580-595 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arega Shumetie ◽

Molla Alemayehu Yismaw

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Climate Variability ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Adaptation Strategies ◽

Primary Data ◽

Regression Result ◽

Ols Regression ◽

Content Type ◽

Cropping Season ◽

Crop Income

Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of climate variability on smallholders’ crop income and the determinants of indigenous adaptation strategies in three districts (Mieso, Goba-koricha and Doba) of West Hararghe Zone of Ethiopia. These three districts are located in high-moisture-stress areas because of crop season rainfall variability. Design/methodology/approach Primary data collected from 400 sample households were used for identifying factors that affect households’ crop income. The study used ordinary least square (OLS) regression to examine the effect of climate variability. Given this, binary logit model was used to assess smallholders’ adaptation behavior. Finally, the study used multinomial logistic regression to identify determinants of smallholders’ indigenous adaptation strategies. Findings The OLS regression result shows that variability in rainfall during the cropping season has a significant and negative effect, and cropland and livestock level have a positive effect on farmers’ crop income. The multinomial logistic regression result reveals that households adopt hybrid crops (maize and sorghum) and dry-sowing adaptation strategies if there is shortage during the cropping season. Variability in rainfall at the time of sowing and the growing are main factors in the area’s crop production. Cropland increment has positive and significant effect on employing each adaptation strategy. The probability of adopting techniques such as water harvesting, hybrid seeds and dry sowing significantly reduces if a household has a large livestock. Originality/value The three districts are remote and accessibility is difficult without due support from institutions. Thus, this study was conducted on the basis of the primary data collected by the researchers after securing grant from Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA).

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