scholarly journals Effect of the “Normalized Epidemic Prevention and Control Requirements” on hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caiyun Chen ◽  
Ping Zhu ◽  
Yongxiang Zhang ◽  
Bo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background No studies have yet reported the effect of prevention and control measures, which were implemented to combat COVID-19, on the prevention and control of common HAIs. We aimed to examine the effect of the “Normalized Epidemic Prevention and Control Requirements” (implemented in May 2020) by comparison of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and community-acquired infections (CAIs) in China during 2018, 2019, and 2020. Methods Data of inpatients before and after implementation of new requirements were retrospectively analyzed, including infection rate, use of alcohol-based hand cleaner, anatomical sites of infections, pathogen species, infection by multi-drug resistant species, and use of different antibiotics. Results The HAI rate was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2018 and 2019 (P < 0.05), and the CAI rate was significantly higher in 2019 and 2020 than in 2018 (P < 0.001). Lower respiratory tract infections were the most common HAI during all years, with no significant changes over time. Lower respiratory tract infections were also the most common CAI, but were significantly more common in 2018 and 2019 than 2020 (P < 0.001). There were no changes in upper respiratory tract infections among HAIs or CAIs. Most HAIs and CAIs were from Gram-negative bacteria, and the percentages of fungal infections were greater in 2019 and 2020 than 2018. MRSA infections were more common in 2020 than in 2018 and 2019 (P < 0.05). The utilization rate and usage days of antibiotics decreased over time (P < 0.001) and the culture rate of microbial specimens before antibiotic usage increased over time (P < 0.001). Conclusions The new prevention and control requirements provided important benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, their effects on HAIs were not obvious.

scholarly journals Effect of The “Normalized Epidemic Prevention And Control Requirements” On Hospital-Acquired And Community-Acquired Infections In China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caiyun Chen ◽  
Ping Zhu ◽  
Yongxiang Zhang ◽  
Bo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: No studies have yet reported the effect of prevention and control measures, which were implemented to combat COVID-19, on the prevention and control of common HAIs. We aimed to examine the effect of the “Normalized Epidemic Prevention and Control Requirements” (implemented in May 2020) by comparison of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and community-acquired infections (CAIs) in China during 2018, 2019, and 2020.Methods: Data of inpatients before and after implementation of new requirements were retrospectively analyzed, including infection rate, use of alcohol-based hand cleaner, anatomical sites of infections, pathogen species, infection by multi-drug-resistant species, use of different antibiotics, and antibiotic use density. Results: The HAI rate was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2018 and 2019 (P<0.05), and the CAI rate was significantly higher in 2019 and 2020 than in 2018 (P<0.001). Lower respiratory tract infections were the most common HAI during all years, with no significant changes over time. Lower respiratory tract infections were also the most common CAI, but were significantly more common in 2018 and 2019 than 2020 (P<0.001). There were no changes in upper respiratory tract infections among HAIs or CAIs. Most HAIs and CAIs were from Gram-negative bacteria, and the percentages of fungal infections were greater in 2019 and 2020 than 2018. MRSA infections were more common in 2020 than in 2018 and 2019 (P<0.05). The utilization rate and usage days of antibiotics decreased over time (P<0.001), the culture rate of microbial specimens before antibiotics usage increased over time (P<0.001), but antibiotic use density remained steady over time. Conclusions: The new prevention and control requirements provided important benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, their effects on HAIs were not obvious.

scholarly journals Clinical study of lower respiratory tract infections in children attending a tertiary care hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1733
Author(s):  
Venkata Krishna Munagala ◽  
Ramisetty M. Uma Mahesh ◽  
Jithendra Kandati ◽  
Munilakshmi Ponugoti
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: WHO estimated burden of respiratory tract infections in 2010, estimates four and half million deaths due to respiratory tract infections among children every year. In India, 1.2 million deaths have been reported among children due to RTI among 5.9 million deaths globally. Lower respiratory tract infections are most common causes of death than upper respiratory tract infections. Pneumonia and Bronchiolitis are most common types of LRTI in children. Pneumonia accounts for most of the deaths in children < 5 years of age. The present study was undertaken with an objective to know the various types of lower respiratory tract infections in children less than 12 years of age. The study also aims to know the various bacterial agents causing respiratory tract infections with their antibiotic susceptibility.Methods: Hospital based, prospective cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year and 375 children were enrolled. Demographic, clinical history and examination was done and signs and symptoms noted. All necessary investigations were performed and followed regularly for management and outcome.Results: Incidence of LRTI in the study was 9.76% with male preponderance (65.33%) and most common among children in 1-4 years age group. Ratio of males to females was 1.9:1. 73.6% of cases were in low socio-economic group, 35.2% were found with PEM-I grade and 18.13% had no immunization coverage. Cough and breathlessness were the major symptoms and respiratory distress and clubbing were major signs in the study. Bronchopneumonia was the commonest cause (38.7%) followed by bronchiolitis and Allergic bronchitis. 18.45 of cases had anemia and Leucocytosis was also present. Pulmonary infiltration was the major finding in the X-ray of chest. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the common bacterial pathogens isolated.Conclusions: To conclude, our study clearly highlighted the various types of clinical presentations, risk factors and different types of LRTI in children <12 years of age. Understanding a clear knowledge of the etiology and bacterial pathogens clearly provides guidance for the physician in management and clinical outcome. 

scholarly journals Change in the use of diagnostic tests in the management of lower respiratory tract infections: a register-based study in primary care

BJGP Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. bjgpopen20X101015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna B Moberg ◽  
Olof Cronberg ◽  
Magnus Falk ◽  
Katarina Hedin
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundDifferentiating between pneumonia and acute bronchitis is often difficult in primary care. There is no consensus regarding clinical decision rules for pneumonia, and guidelines differ between countries. Use of diagnostic tests and change of management over time is not known.AimTo calculate the proportion of diagnostic tests in the management of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in a low antibiotic prescribing country, and to evaluate if the use and prescription pattern has changed over time.Design & settingA register-based study on data from electronic health records from January 2006 to December 2014 in the Kronoberg county of south east Sweden.MethodData regarding use of C-reactive protein (CRP), chest x-rays (CXRs), microbiological tests, and antibiotic prescriptions were assessed for patients aged 18–79 years, with the diagnosis pneumonia, acute bronchitis, or cough.ResultsA total of 54 229 sickness episodes were analysed. Use of CRP increased during the study period from 61.3% to 77.5% for patients with pneumonia (P<0.001), and from 53.4% to 65.7% for patients with acute bronchitis (P<0.001). Use of CXR increased for patients with acute bronchitis from 3.1% to 5.1% (P<0.001). Use of microbiological tests increased for patients with pneumonia, from 1.8% to 5.1% (P<0.001). The antibiotic prescription rate decreased from 18.6 to 8.2 per 1000 inhabitants per year for patients with acute bronchitis, but did not change for patients with pneumonia.ConclusionUse of CRP and microbiological tests in the diagnostics of LRTIs increased despite the fact that the incidence of pneumonia and acute bronchitis was stable.

Clinical Experience with Cefadroxil in Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Flores Mercado ◽  
P J Santella ◽  
C A Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Tract Infections

Cefadroxil is a new semisynthetic oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Absorption of cefadroxil is unaffected by food, its serum levels are prolonged and it is excreted in the urine at a relatively slow rate compared to cephalexin. In the treatment of 108 patients with upper or lower respiratory tract infections, cefadroxil effected 93% complete cures. Fifty-five of the patients had upper respiratory tract infections and fifty-three had lower respiratory tract infections; among them cefadroxil achieved clinical success rates of 100% and 96%, respectively. Cefadroxil was clinically successful in eight (89%) out of nine patients whose infections were caused by mixed aetiologies. The principal causative agents were Staphylococcus aureus, β-haemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Overall bacterial eradication produced by cefadroxil was 112 (91%) of 123 organisms isolated from 108 patients. Reports of mild and transient side-effects in only 3.7% of the patients showed that the drug was well tolerated.

scholarly journals An analysis of the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections in primary care patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-388
Author(s):  
Aneta Rzepka ◽  
◽  
Anna Mania ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections among adult patients visiting their general practitioners. Materials and methods: The analysis included 301 adult patients who reported to their general practitioners due to respiratory tract infection. W assessed clinical symptoms, age, final diagnosis, probable aetiology, additional tests, including Actim® Influenza A&B rapid test to confirm influenza infection, radiographic and laboratory findings, as well as comorbidities, treatment used, vaccinations against influenza, and smoking habits. Results: Upper respiratory tract infections accounted for the vast majority of cases (74%), and these primarily included viral infections (62%), some of which required a change of therapy (23%) due to suspected secondary bacterial infection; lower respiratory tract infections accounted for 26% of cases. The main symptoms reported by the patients included cough, pharyngeal pain, fever, rhinitis, general malaise, nasal obstruction, headache, muscle pain and dysphonia. Acute pharyngitis was the dominant diagnosis (27%), followed by acute upper respiratory tract infection of multiple sites (13.6%), acute nasopharyngitis (known as common cold) (10%), purulent tonsillitis (11.6%), acute bronchitis (11%) and influenza (11%). Antibiotic therapy was used in 60% of patients with upper respiratory tract infection and 68% of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Conclusions: The majority of patients were diagnosed with viral infections. The highest incidence of respiratory tract infections was observed in elderly individuals and patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Smokers are more likely to develop lower respiratory tract infections (confirmed by additional tests) compared to other groups of patients. Individuals vaccinated against influenza account for a small proportion of patients.

Correlations between clinical illness, respiratory virus infections and climate factors in a tropical paediatric population

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (12) ◽  
pp. 1884-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. LOH ◽  
F. Y. L. LAI ◽  
E. S. TAN ◽  
K. C. THOON ◽  
N. W. S. TEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

SUMMARYWeekly (August 2003–December 2008) numbers of five common paediatric diseases and the incidence of respiratory viruses were obtained from a children's hospital in Singapore and correlated with climate data using multivariate time-series techniques. Upper respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with the incidences of influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza viruses (types 1–3 combined). Lower respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with only the incidence of RSV. Both upper and lower respiratory tract infections were negatively correlated with relative humidity. Asthma admissions were negatively correlated with maximum temperature and positively correlated with the incidence of influenza B and increasing hours of sunshine. Although sporadic cases of adenovirus infection were identified, not enough cases were available for a more detailed analysis. Gastroenteritis and urinary tract infections, included as control diseases, were not correlated significantly with any climate parameters. These correlations are compatible with current understanding of respiratory virus survival under certain climate conditions and may assist the prediction of disease burdens and hospital resource planning in such tropical environments.

scholarly journals Lower respiratory tract infections among HIV positive and control group in Nepal

VirusDisease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chet Raj Ojha ◽  
N. Rijal ◽  
K. C. Khagendra ◽  
K. Palpasa ◽  
P. Kansakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Concordance between upper and lower airway microbiota in infants with cystic fibrosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1602235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine M.P.J. Prevaes ◽  
Wouter A.A. de Steenhuijsen Piters ◽  
Karin M. de Winter-de Groot ◽  
Hettie M. Janssens ◽  
Gerdien A. Tramper-Stranders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples are commonly used to direct therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in non-expectorating infants with cystic fibrosis (CF).We aimed to investigate the concordance between the bacterial community compositions of 25 sets of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from 17 infants with CF aged ∼5 months (n=13) and ∼12 months (n=12) using conventional culturing and 16S-rRNA sequencing.Clustering analyses demonstrated that BAL microbiota profiles were in general characterised by a mixture of oral and nasopharyngeal bacteria, including commensals like Streptococcus, Neisseria, Veillonella and Rothia spp. and potential pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella spp. Within each individual, however, the degree of concordance differed between microbiota of both upper respiratory tract niches and the corresponding BAL.The inconsistent intra-individual concordance between microbiota of the upper and lower respiratory niches suggests that the lungs of infants with CF may have their own microbiome that seems seeded by, but is not identical to, the upper respiratory tract microbiome.

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