Bacterial Colonization of tbe Upper Respiratory Tract and Its Association witb Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Higbland Cbildren of Papua New Guinea

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (Supplement_8) ◽  
pp. S1006-S1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet M. Montgomery ◽  
Deborah Lehmann ◽  
Tom Smith ◽  
Audrey Michael ◽  
Benetty Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

scholarly journals An analysis of the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections in primary care patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-388
Author(s):  
Aneta Rzepka ◽  
◽  
Anna Mania ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections among adult patients visiting their general practitioners. Materials and methods: The analysis included 301 adult patients who reported to their general practitioners due to respiratory tract infection. W assessed clinical symptoms, age, final diagnosis, probable aetiology, additional tests, including Actim® Influenza A&B rapid test to confirm influenza infection, radiographic and laboratory findings, as well as comorbidities, treatment used, vaccinations against influenza, and smoking habits. Results: Upper respiratory tract infections accounted for the vast majority of cases (74%), and these primarily included viral infections (62%), some of which required a change of therapy (23%) due to suspected secondary bacterial infection; lower respiratory tract infections accounted for 26% of cases. The main symptoms reported by the patients included cough, pharyngeal pain, fever, rhinitis, general malaise, nasal obstruction, headache, muscle pain and dysphonia. Acute pharyngitis was the dominant diagnosis (27%), followed by acute upper respiratory tract infection of multiple sites (13.6%), acute nasopharyngitis (known as common cold) (10%), purulent tonsillitis (11.6%), acute bronchitis (11%) and influenza (11%). Antibiotic therapy was used in 60% of patients with upper respiratory tract infection and 68% of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Conclusions: The majority of patients were diagnosed with viral infections. The highest incidence of respiratory tract infections was observed in elderly individuals and patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Smokers are more likely to develop lower respiratory tract infections (confirmed by additional tests) compared to other groups of patients. Individuals vaccinated against influenza account for a small proportion of patients.

scholarly journals Concordance between upper and lower airway microbiota in infants with cystic fibrosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1602235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine M.P.J. Prevaes ◽  
Wouter A.A. de Steenhuijsen Piters ◽  
Karin M. de Winter-de Groot ◽  
Hettie M. Janssens ◽  
Gerdien A. Tramper-Stranders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples are commonly used to direct therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in non-expectorating infants with cystic fibrosis (CF).We aimed to investigate the concordance between the bacterial community compositions of 25 sets of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from 17 infants with CF aged ∼5 months (n=13) and ∼12 months (n=12) using conventional culturing and 16S-rRNA sequencing.Clustering analyses demonstrated that BAL microbiota profiles were in general characterised by a mixture of oral and nasopharyngeal bacteria, including commensals like Streptococcus, Neisseria, Veillonella and Rothia spp. and potential pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella spp. Within each individual, however, the degree of concordance differed between microbiota of both upper respiratory tract niches and the corresponding BAL.The inconsistent intra-individual concordance between microbiota of the upper and lower respiratory niches suggests that the lungs of infants with CF may have their own microbiome that seems seeded by, but is not identical to, the upper respiratory tract microbiome.

Broncho-alveolar lavage in chronic upper respiratory tract infections

1995 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 859-862
Author(s):  
H. Zeitoun ◽  
W. El-Husseiny ◽  
M. El-Sawi ◽  
M. A. Mandour
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Dye Reduction ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between upper and lower respiratory tract infections has been demonstrated previously, although the effect of chronic infection of One tract on the other has not been well studied. This work analyses the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid of patients with chronic purulent rhino-sinusitis and reveals and increase in the neutrophil nitro-blue tetrazolium dye reduction test positivity provides evidence for increased phagocutosis to compensate for the increased contamination of the lower respiratory tract.

scholarly journals Educational differences in acute infectious diseases in the Netherlands: results from a nationwide health survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brechje de Gier ◽  
Marieke Houben - van Herten ◽  
Ellen Uiters ◽  
Susan J M Hahné
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Educational Differences ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background It is unclear to what extent socioeconomic inequalities exist in common infectious diseases in high-income countries. We aimed to explore educational differences in five common acute infectious diseases in adults in the Netherlands. Methods As part of a year-round repeated cross-sectional health survey, adults aged 25 and older were asked if they had experienced acute upper or lower respiratory tract infections, acute otitis media, urinary tract infections or gastro-enteritis in the two previous months. If so, participants were asked whether they had consulted their general practitioner and if they had been unable to perform their normal daily activities. These outcomes were analyzed per highest attained level of education. Results Data of 18 629 survey respondents were used in the analyses. People with a low educational level had lower odds of upper respiratory tract infections (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81–0.95), but higher odds of lower respiratory tract infections (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.16–2.11). After adjustment for several covariates, the differences in upper respiratory tract infections remained statistically significant (aOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.77–0.91). The educational differences in lower respiratory tract infections were mitigated by adjusting for chronic diseases and health behaviours. For all infectious diseases, the likelihood of general practitioner consultation was highest for the lower educated group. Inability to work or perform normal daily activities due to an infectious disease was similar across all levels of education. Conclusion This study shows that educational differences in incidence and care seeking behaviours exist for common acute infectious diseases in the Netherlands.

scholarly journals Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Lei ◽  
Lisong Yang ◽  
Cheong Tat Lou ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Kin Ian SiTou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children. Understanding the local dominant viral etiologies is important to inform infection control practices and clinical management. This study aimed to investigate the viral etiology and epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients in Macao. Methods A retrospective study using electronic health records between 2014 and 2017 at Kiang Wu Hospital was performed. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from hospitalized children aged 13 years or younger with respiratory tract diseases. xMAP multiplex assays were employed to detect respiratory agents including 10 respiratory viruses. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. Results Of the 4880 children enrolled in the study, 3767 (77.1%) were positive for at least one of the 13 viral pathogens tested, of which 2707 (55.5%) being male and 2635 (70.0%) under 2 years old. Among the positive results, there were 3091 (82.0%) single infections and 676 (18.0%) multiple infections. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV 27.4%), adenovirus (ADV, 15.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB, 7.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA, 7.8%). The detection of viral infection was the most prevalent in autumn (960/1176, 81.6%), followed by spring (1095/1406, 77.9%), winter (768/992, 77.4%), and summer (944/1306, 72.3%), with HRV/EV and ADV being most commonly detected throughout the 4 years of study period. The detection rate of viral infection was highest among ARI patients presented with croup (123/141, 87.2%), followed by lower respiratory tract infection (1924/2356, 81.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1720/2383, 72.2%). FluA, FluB and ADV were positive factors for upper respiratory tract infections. On the other hand, infection with RSVA, RSVB, PIV3, PIV4, HMPV, and EV/RHV were positively associated with lower respiratory tract infections; and PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were positively associated with croup. Conclusions This is the first study in Macao to determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for ARIs. The study findings can contribute to the awareness of pathogen, appropriate preventative measure, accurate diagnosis, and proper clinical management of respiratory viral infections among children in Macao.

scholarly journals Clinical study of lower respiratory tract infections in children attending a tertiary care hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1733
Author(s):  
Venkata Krishna Munagala ◽  
Ramisetty M. Uma Mahesh ◽  
Jithendra Kandati ◽  
Munilakshmi Ponugoti
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: WHO estimated burden of respiratory tract infections in 2010, estimates four and half million deaths due to respiratory tract infections among children every year. In India, 1.2 million deaths have been reported among children due to RTI among 5.9 million deaths globally. Lower respiratory tract infections are most common causes of death than upper respiratory tract infections. Pneumonia and Bronchiolitis are most common types of LRTI in children. Pneumonia accounts for most of the deaths in children < 5 years of age. The present study was undertaken with an objective to know the various types of lower respiratory tract infections in children less than 12 years of age. The study also aims to know the various bacterial agents causing respiratory tract infections with their antibiotic susceptibility.Methods: Hospital based, prospective cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year and 375 children were enrolled. Demographic, clinical history and examination was done and signs and symptoms noted. All necessary investigations were performed and followed regularly for management and outcome.Results: Incidence of LRTI in the study was 9.76% with male preponderance (65.33%) and most common among children in 1-4 years age group. Ratio of males to females was 1.9:1. 73.6% of cases were in low socio-economic group, 35.2% were found with PEM-I grade and 18.13% had no immunization coverage. Cough and breathlessness were the major symptoms and respiratory distress and clubbing were major signs in the study. Bronchopneumonia was the commonest cause (38.7%) followed by bronchiolitis and Allergic bronchitis. 18.45 of cases had anemia and Leucocytosis was also present. Pulmonary infiltration was the major finding in the X-ray of chest. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the common bacterial pathogens isolated.Conclusions: To conclude, our study clearly highlighted the various types of clinical presentations, risk factors and different types of LRTI in children <12 years of age. Understanding a clear knowledge of the etiology and bacterial pathogens clearly provides guidance for the physician in management and clinical outcome. 

Nasopharyngeal vs. adenoid cultures in children undergoing adenoidectomy: prevalence of bacterial pathogens, their interactions and risk factors

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. KORONA-GLOWNIAK ◽  
A. NIEDZIELSKI ◽  
U. KOSIKOWSKA ◽  
A. GRZEGORCZYK ◽  
A. MALM
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

SUMMARYStreptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus colonization of the adenoids and nasopharynx in 103 preschool children who underwent adenoidectomy for recurrent upper respiratory tract infections was examined. Bacterial interactions and risk factors for bacterial colonization of the nasopharynx and adenoids, separately, were analysed statistically. The prevalence of simultaneous isolation from both anatomical sites was 45·6% for S. pneumoniae, 29·1% for H. influenzae, 15·5% for M. catarrhalis and 18·4% for S. aureus. Three pathogens were significantly more frequent together from adenoid samples; nasopharyngeal swabs more often yielded a single organism, but without statistical significance. M. catarrhalis and S. aureus significantly more frequently co-existed with S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae than with each other and a positive association of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in adenoid samples was evident. Several differences between risk factors for nasopharyngeal and adenoid colonization by the individual pathogens were observed. We conclude that the adenoids and nasopharynx appear to differ substantially in colonization by pathogenic microbes but occurrence of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx could be predictive of upper respiratory tract infections.

Clinical Experience with Cefadroxil in Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Flores Mercado ◽  
P J Santella ◽  
C A Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Tract Infections

Cefadroxil is a new semisynthetic oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Absorption of cefadroxil is unaffected by food, its serum levels are prolonged and it is excreted in the urine at a relatively slow rate compared to cephalexin. In the treatment of 108 patients with upper or lower respiratory tract infections, cefadroxil effected 93% complete cures. Fifty-five of the patients had upper respiratory tract infections and fifty-three had lower respiratory tract infections; among them cefadroxil achieved clinical success rates of 100% and 96%, respectively. Cefadroxil was clinically successful in eight (89%) out of nine patients whose infections were caused by mixed aetiologies. The principal causative agents were Staphylococcus aureus, β-haemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Overall bacterial eradication produced by cefadroxil was 112 (91%) of 123 organisms isolated from 108 patients. Reports of mild and transient side-effects in only 3.7% of the patients showed that the drug was well tolerated.

scholarly journals Effect of the “Normalized Epidemic Prevention and Control Requirements” on hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caiyun Chen ◽  
Ping Zhu ◽  
Yongxiang Zhang ◽  
Bo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background No studies have yet reported the effect of prevention and control measures, which were implemented to combat COVID-19, on the prevention and control of common HAIs. We aimed to examine the effect of the “Normalized Epidemic Prevention and Control Requirements” (implemented in May 2020) by comparison of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and community-acquired infections (CAIs) in China during 2018, 2019, and 2020. Methods Data of inpatients before and after implementation of new requirements were retrospectively analyzed, including infection rate, use of alcohol-based hand cleaner, anatomical sites of infections, pathogen species, infection by multi-drug resistant species, and use of different antibiotics. Results The HAI rate was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2018 and 2019 (P < 0.05), and the CAI rate was significantly higher in 2019 and 2020 than in 2018 (P < 0.001). Lower respiratory tract infections were the most common HAI during all years, with no significant changes over time. Lower respiratory tract infections were also the most common CAI, but were significantly more common in 2018 and 2019 than 2020 (P < 0.001). There were no changes in upper respiratory tract infections among HAIs or CAIs. Most HAIs and CAIs were from Gram-negative bacteria, and the percentages of fungal infections were greater in 2019 and 2020 than 2018. MRSA infections were more common in 2020 than in 2018 and 2019 (P < 0.05). The utilization rate and usage days of antibiotics decreased over time (P < 0.001) and the culture rate of microbial specimens before antibiotic usage increased over time (P < 0.001). Conclusions The new prevention and control requirements provided important benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, their effects on HAIs were not obvious.

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