Determinants of antenatal care and skilled birth attendance services utilization among childbearing women in Guinea: evidence from the 2018 Guinea Demographic and Health Survey data

Abstract Background Globally, maternal health remains a major priority. Most of maternal deaths globally occur in sub-Saharan Africa, with most of these deaths linked to lack of access to antenatal care and skilled assistance during delivery. This study assessed the determinants of antenatal care and skilled birth attendance services utilization among childbearing women in Guinea. Methods Data for this study were obtained from the 2018 Guinea Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS). Data of 4,917 childbearing women were considered as our analytical sample. The outcome variables for the study were utilization of antenatal care and skilled birth attendance. Analysis was carried out using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression. Results The results showed that women aged 15-24 (AOR=1.29, CI=1.03-1.62), women who had secondary/higher level of education (AOR=1.70, CI=1.33-2.19), and those whose partners had secondary/higher level of education (AOR=1.46, CI=1.22-1.75), women in the richest wealth quintile (AOR=5.09, CI=3.70-7.00), those with planned pregnancies (AOR=1.50, CI=1.23-1.81), Muslim women (AOR=1.65, CI=1.38-2.12), those who take healthcare decisions alone (AOR=1.53, CI=1.24-1.89), and those who listened to radio less than once a week (AOR= 1.30, CI=1.10-1.53) had higher odds of antenatal care uptake. Also, women with secondary/higher level of education (AOR=1.83, CI=1.25-2.68), those whose partners had secondary/higher level of education (AOR=1.40, CI=1.11-1.76), those in the richest wealth quintile (AOR=10.79, CI=6.64-17.51), those with planned pregnancies (AOR=1.25, CI=1.03-1.52), Christian women (AOR=4.13, CI=3.17-5.39), those living in urban areas (AOR=3.00, CI=2.29-3.94), women with one birth (AOR= 1.58, CI=1.20-2.06), those who take healthcare decisions alone (AOR=1.87, CI=1.46-2.39), those who read newspaper at least once a week (AOR= 1.19, CI=1.01-1.40), those who watched television at least once week (AOR=1.69, CI=1.30-2.19), and those in female-headed households (AOR=1.52, CI=1.20-1.92) were more likely to utilize the services of skilled birth attendants. Conclusion The study proved that various socio-economic and contextual factors influence antenatal care and skilled birth attendance in Guinea. These findings suggest the need to design community-based interventions (e.g., miniature local ANC clinics, early screening services) that prioritize women’s education and vocational training, media accessibility, especially among the poor, and those residing in rural settings. Such interventions should not ignore the influence of other socio-cultural norms that hinder the utilization of antenatal care and skilled birth attendance services in Guinea.

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Medical Perspective of Childhood Marriage in Nigeria: Body of Evidence from 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey

Current Women s Health Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573404814666181026095357 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 188-195

Author(s):

Audu Alayande ◽

Bahijjatu Bello-Garko ◽

Zubaida Abubakar ◽

Hafsat Kagara ◽

Islamiyat A. Nuhu

Keyword(s):

Health Survey ◽

Female Circumcision ◽

Child Survival ◽

Antenatal Clinic ◽

Skilled Birth Attendance ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Child Marriage ◽

Reproductive Health Services ◽

Birth Attendance

Background: Available data from South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa indicates that 12% and 34% of girls were married at age 15years and 18years respectively. This practice of child marriage may debar countries from achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Objective: To extract and present disaggregated indices in the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) on the effect of child marriage on health. Method: This desk review study extracted disaggregated maternal and child health indices on married females aged 15-19 years from the 2013 NDHS. Results: The result showed that married females aged 15-19 years were short, thin, and least likely to receive prophylactic Vitamin A dose postpartum and deworming medication at last pregnancy. Also, while awareness for Family Planning (FP) was high, its utilization was poor at only 1.2%. Their Antenatal clinic attendance, facility delivery, skilled birth attendance at delivery and post natal service utilization were lowest. Similarly, mortality of children under 5 was highest amongst these mothers. Although violence during pregnancy was highest amongst this group, nevertheless more than 20% of them agreed that the practice of female circumcision should be continued. Conclusion: These findings depict some of the negative outcomes of child marriage on maternal and child survival which require integrated multisectoral interventions to ensure that all girls have access to timely sexual reproductive health services and information.</P>

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Does Antenatal Care Translate into Skilled Birth Attendance? Analysis of 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey

Advances in Public Health ◽

10.1155/2019/6716938 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Linus Baatiema ◽

Edward Kwabena Ameyaw ◽

Aliu Moomin ◽

Mukaila Mumuni Zankawah ◽

Doris Koramah

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Antenatal Care ◽

Health Survey ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Skilled Birth Attendance ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Rural Setting ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Birth Attendance

Background. Despite the high antenatal care attendance rate in Ghana, skilled birth attendance is relatively low. There is limited evidence on whether antenatal care attendance translates into skilled birth attendance in the Ghanaian research discourse. This study investigates whether antenatal care attendance translates into skilled birth. Methods. We extracted data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Data were analysed using descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses at 5% confidence interval. Results. The descriptive findings indicated a vast variation between antenatal care attendance and skilled birth attendance. Skilled birth attendance was consistently low across almost all sociodemographic characteristics as compared to antenatal care attendance. The binary logistic regression analysis however indicated higher inclination toward skilled birth attendance among women who had at least four antenatal care visits [OR=5.87, CI=4.86-7.08]. The category of women noted to have higher tendencies of skilled birth attendance was those with higher/tertiary education [OR=9.13, CI=2.19-37.93], the rich [OR=4.27, CI=3.02-6.06], urban residents [OR=2.35, CI=1.88-2.93], women with maximum of four children [OR=1.36, CI=1.08-1.72], and those using modern contraceptives [OR=1.24, CI=1.03-1.50]. Conclusion. We recommend that interventions to enhance skilled birth attendance must target women who do not achieve at least four antenatal visits, those with low wealth standing, those not using contraceptives, and women without formal education. Again, an in-depth qualitative study is envisaged to deepen the understanding of these dynamics in the rural setting.

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Health insurance coverage and maternal healthcare services utilization in Jordan: evidence from the 2017–18 Jordan demographic and health survey

Archives of Public Health ◽

10.1186/s13690-021-00605-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Petula Fernandes ◽

Emmanuel Kolawole Odusina ◽

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽

Komlan Kota ◽

Sanni Yaya

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Antenatal Care ◽

Insurance Coverage ◽

Health Insurance Coverage ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Skilled Birth Attendance ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Maternal Healthcare ◽

Services Utilization ◽

Birth Attendance

Abstract Background Despite the relationship between health insurance coverage and maternal healthcare services utilization, previous studies in Jordan on the use of maternal healthcare services have mainly focused on patterns and determinants of maternal healthcare services utilization in Jordan. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between health insurance coverage and maternal healthcare services utilization in Jordan. Methods This study used secondary data published in 2017-18 Jordan Demographic and Health Survey on 4656 women of reproductive age (15–49 years). The independent variable was health insurance coverage and the outcome variable was maternal healthcare services utilization, measured through timing of first antenatal visit, four or more antenatal care visits, and skilled birth attendance. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. Results Out of the total number of women who participated in the study, 38.2% were not covered by health insurance. With maternal healthcare utilization, 12.5%, 23.2%, and 10.1% respectively, failed to make early first antenatal care visit, complete four or more antenatal care visits and have their delivery attended by a skilled worker. After controlling for the socio-demographic factors, health insurance coverage was associated with increased odds of early timing of first antenatal care visits and completion of four or more antenatal care visits (aOR = 1.33, p < 0.05, aOR = 1.25, p < 0.01, respectively). However, women who were covered by health insurance were less likely to use skilled birth attendance during delivery (aOR = 0.72 p < 0.001). Conclusions Jordanian women with health insurance coverage were more likely to have early first antenatal care visits and complete four or more antenatal care visits. However, they were less likely to have their delivery attended by a skilled professional. This study provides evidence that health insurance coverage has contributed to increased maternal healthcare services utilization, only in terms of number and timing of antenatal care visits in Jordan. It is recommended that policy makers in Jordan should strengthen the coverage of health insurance in the country, especially among women of reproductive age in order to enhance the use of maternal healthcare services in the country.

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What influences home delivery among women who live in urban areas? Analysis of 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0244811 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0244811

Author(s):

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽

Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽

Eugene Budu ◽

Ebenezer Agbaglo ◽

Francis Appiah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Health Survey ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Wealth Quintile ◽

Home Delivery ◽

Northern Region ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Factors Associated ◽

At Home

Background In Ghana, home delivery among women in urban areas is relatively low compared to rural areas. However, the few women who deliver at home in urban areas still face enormous risk of infections and death, just like those in rural areas. The present study investigated the factors associated with home delivery among women who live in urban areas in Ghana. Materials and methods Data for this study was obtained from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. We used data of 1,441 women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the survey and were dwelling in urban areas. By the use of Stata version 14.2, we conducted both descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results We found that 7.9% of women in urban areas in Ghana delivered at home. The study revealed that, compared to women who lived in the Northern region, women who lived in the Brong Ahafo region [AOR = 0.38, CI = 0.17–0.84] were less likely to deliver at home. The likelihood of home delivery was high among women in the poorest wealth quintile [AOR = 2.02, CI = 1.06–3.86], women who professed other religions [AOR = 3.45; CI = 1.53–7.81], and those who had no antenatal care visits [AOR = 7.17; 1.64–31.3]. Conversely, the likelihood of home delivery was lower among women who had attained secondary/higher education [AOR = 0.30; 0.17–0.53], compared to those with no formal education. Conclusion The study identified region of residence, wealth quintile, religion, antenatal care visits, and level of education as factors associated with home delivery among urban residents in Ghana. Therefore, health promotion programs targeted at home delivery need to focus on these factors. We also recommend that a qualitative study should be conducted to investigate the factors responsible for the differences in home delivery in terms of region, as the present study could not do so.

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HIV screening in men and women in Senegal: coverage and associated factors; analysis of the 2017 demographic and health survey

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-019-4717-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ndeye Aïssatou Lakhe ◽

Khardiata Diallo Mbaye ◽

Khadime Sylla ◽

Cheikh Tidiane Ndour

Keyword(s):

Mobile Phone ◽

Hiv Testing ◽

Health Survey ◽

Age Groups ◽

Wealth Quintile ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Factors Associated

Abstract Background Despite the adoption of the provider-initiated HIV testing strategy, the rate of HIV testing is still very low in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the factors associated with HIV testing among sexually active women and men in Senegal. Knowledge of HIV status is the gateway to antiretroviral treatment. Methods A secondary analysis of the 2017 Senegal Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was performed, using data on sexually active women aged 15–49 and men aged 15–59. The outcome variable was the proportion of women and men who reported ever being tested for HIV in the last 12 months before the survey. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the socio-demographic, HIV-knowledge, media exposure, and behavioral factors associated with HIV testing in Senegal. Results The study found that 61.1% (95%CI: 59.2–62.9) of women and 26.2% (95%CI: 24.2–28.3) of men were tested for HIV at the last 12 months. In multivariate analysis, among men the factors independently associated with being tested for HIV were: age groups 20–24 to 40–44 and age group 50–54; a higher level of education; being in the richest household wealth quintile; being married; knowing about the efficacy of HAART during pregnancy; having 2 or more lifetime sex partners and owning a mobile phone. Among women factors independently associated with HIV testing were: being in any age groups versus 15–19; a higher level of education; being in the richest household wealth quintile; being married; knowing about the efficacy of HAART during pregnancy; having any STI in last 12 months; fearing stigma; owning a mobile phone; and having any number of ANC visits, versus none. Conclusion Although HIV remains a public health threat, HIV testing’s prevalence is still low in Senegal, making it difficult to interrupt the transmission chain within the community and to reach the UNAIDS goal for 2020 of “90–90-90”. Innovative community-based strategies are needed to address barriers and improve access to HIV testing in Senegal, particularly for men and for the youngest and poorest populations.

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Predictors of skilled birth attendance among married women in Cameroon: further analysis of 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey

Reproductive Health ◽

10.1186/s12978-021-01124-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sanni Yaya ◽

Betregiorgis Zegeye ◽

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽

Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽

Edward Kwabena Ameyaw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Economic Status ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Skilled Birth Attendance ◽

Married Women ◽

Maternal Healthcare ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Services Utilization ◽

Birth Attendance

Abstract Background In Cameroon, maternal deaths remain high. The high maternal deaths in the country have been attributed to the low utilization of maternal healthcare services, including skilled birth attendance. This study examined the predictors of skilled birth services utilization among married women in Cameroon. Methods Data from the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey was analyzed on 7881 married women of reproductive age (15–49 years). Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine the predictors of skilled childbirth services. The results were presented with crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The coverage of skilled birth attendance among married women of reproductive age in Cameroon was 66.2%. After adjusting for potential confounders, media exposure (aOR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.11–1.91), higher decision making (aOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.36–2.59), maternal education (aOR = 2.38, 95% CI; 1.65–3.42), place of residence (aOR = 0.50, 95% CI; 0.33–0.74), religion (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI; 0.35–0.87), economic status (aOR = 5.16, 95% CI; 2.58–10.30), wife beating attitude (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI; 1.05–1.65), parity (aOR = 0.62, 95% CI; 0.41–0.93) and skilled antenatal care (aOR = 14.46, 95% CI; 10.01–20.89) were found to be significant predictors of skilled birth attendance. Conclusions This study demonstrates that social, economic, regional, and cultural factors can act as barriers to skilled childbirth services utilization in Cameroon. Interventions that target women empowerment, antenatal care awareness and strengthening are needed, especially among the rural poor, to reduce barriers to care seeking. Maternal healthcare services utilization interventions and policies in Cameroon need to focus on specific equity gaps that relate to socio-economic status, maternal education, and the economic empowerment of women. Such policies and interventions should also aim at reducing geographical barriers to access to maternal healthcare services, including skilled birth attendance. Due to the presence of inequities in the use of skilled birth attendance services, programs aimed at social protection and empowerment of economically disadvantaged women are necessary for the achievement of the post-2015 targets and the Sustainable Development Goals. Plain English Summary Globally, Cameroon is one of the countries with high maternal deaths. Low utilization of maternal healthcare services, including skilled birth attendance have been found to account for the high maternal deaths in the country. This study sought to examine the factors associated with skilled childbirth services utilization among married women in Cameroon. Using data from the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey, we found that the coverage of skilled birth attendance among married women of reproductive age in Cameroon is high. Factors such as higher decision-making power, higher maternal education, place of residence, religion, higher economic status, wife beating attitude, parity and skilled antenatal care were found to be the significant predictors of skilled birth attendance. This study has shown that socio-economic, regional and cultural factors account for the utilization of skilled childbirth services utilization in Cameroon. Interventions aimed at enhancing the utilization of skilled childbirth services in Cameroon should target women empowerment, antenatal care awareness creation and sensitization, especially among the rural poor, to reduce barriers to care seeking. Maternal healthcare services utilization interventions and policies in Cameroon need to focus on specific equity gaps that relate to socio-economic status, maternal education, and the economic empowerment of women.

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Determinants of antenatal care and skilled birth attendance in sub‐Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis

Health Services Research ◽

10.1111/1475-6773.13163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 1110-1118

Author(s):

Mulu Abraha Woldegiorgis ◽

Janet Hiller ◽

Wubegzier Mekonnen ◽

Denny Meyer ◽

Jahar Bhowmik

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Multilevel Analysis ◽

Skilled Birth Attendance ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Birth Attendance ◽

Sub Saharan

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The Relationship between Antenatal Care with Childbirth Complication in Indonesian’s Mothers (Data Analysis of The Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2012)

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia ◽

10.7454/epidkes.v2i2.3141 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Krisnawati Bantas ◽

Nurul Aryastuti ◽

Dwi Gayatri

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Health Survey ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Potential Confounder ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Birth Attendance ◽

Labor Complications ◽

Main Independent Variable ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship

Labor complications often lead to maternal death. A good antenatal care can reduce maternal and infant mortality. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between antenatal care and labor complication among Indonesian’s mothers. Data of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2012 from 33 Provinces were used in this study. Samples consisted of 11.803 women aged 15-49 years who delivered baby at sometimes during the last 5 years before survey. A cross-sectional design was used. Variables in the study consisted of dependent variable (labor complication), main independent variable (antenatal care) and potential confounder variables including maternal age in the last labor, mother’s education, number of parity, preceding birth interval, birth attendance, place of delivery, a history of pregnancy complications, history of previous labor complication and multiple pregnancies. A logistic regression was used for analyzing data. Results of this study showed that the prevalence of labor complications was 49.2% and the prevalence of poor antenatal cares (do not use a standard criteria recommended by Indonesian Health Ministry) was 91.2%. After controlling for all potential confounder variables, this study showed that, mothers with a poor antenatal care had a 1.3 times higher risk of labor complications than mothers with a good antenatal care (POR 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1 - 1.4).

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Factors associated with the number and timing of antenatal care visits among married women in Cameroon: evidence from the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932021000079 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽

Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽

Eugene Budu ◽

Aliu Mohammed ◽

Collins Adu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Birth Order ◽

Health Survey ◽

Male Involvement ◽

Wealth Quintile ◽

Married Women ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

Financial Barriers ◽

Factors Associated

Abstract Utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services, as part of reproductive health care, presents a lifesaving chance for health promotion and the early diagnosis and treatment of illnesses throughout pregnancy. This study examines the factors associated with the number and timing of ANC visits among married women in Cameroon using data from the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey. The outcome variables were number of ANC visits, categorized as <8 visits or ≥8 visits, and the timing of first ANC visit, categorized as ≤3 months (early) or >3 months (late) (as per the new 2016 WHO recommendations). Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data. Crude odds ratios (cOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and p-values with significance at <0.05 were used to interpret the results. The proportions of women who had ≥8 ANC visits and first ANC visit at ≤3 months gestation were 6.3% and 35.6% respectively. Women aged 35–39 at childbirth (aOR=3.99, 95% CI=1.30–12.23), middle wealth quintile women (aOR=3.22, 95% CI=1.01–10.27), women whose husbands had secondary (aOR=7.00, 95% CI=2.26–21.71) or higher (aOR=16.93, 95% CI=4.91–58.34) education were more likely to have ≥8 ANC visits. Early timing of first ANC visit was low among women with birth order 3–4 (aOR=0.63, 95% CI=0.46–0.85). Conversely, the likelihood of having early ANC visits was high among women whose pregnancies were intended (aOR=1.32, 95% CI=1.01–1.74), the richest women (aOR=3.89, 95% CI=2.30–6.57) and women whose husbands had secondary (aOR=2.41, 95% CI=1.70–3.64) or higher (aOR=3.12, 95% CI=2.40–7.46) education. The study highlights that age at childbirth, wealth, husband’s educational attainment, birth order and pregnancy intention could influence the utilization of ANC services among married women in Cameroon. Hence, to improve attendance and early initiation of ANC, interventions should be targeted at empowering women financially and removing all financial barriers associated with accessing ANC, improving ANC education among women and encouraging male involvement in ANC education.

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HIV and cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa: Demographic and Health Survey data for 4 countries

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11218-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Leonard E. Egede ◽

Rebekah J. Walker ◽

Patricia Monroe ◽

Joni S. Williams ◽

Jennifer A. Campbell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Health Survey ◽

Survey Design ◽

Logistic Models ◽

Population Data ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Investigate the relationship between two common cardiovascular diseases and HIV in adults living in sub-Saharan Africa using population data provided through the Demographic and Health Survey. Methods Data for four sub-Saharan countries were used. All adults asked questions regarding diagnosis of HIV, diabetes, and hypertension were included in the sample totaling 5356 in Lesotho, 3294 in Namibia, 9917 in Senegal, and 1051 in South Africa. Logistic models were run for each country separately, with self-reported diabetes as the first outcome and self-reported hypertension as the second outcome and HIV status as the primary independent variable. Models were adjusted for age, gender, rural/urban residence and BMI. Complex survey design allowed weighting to the population. Results Prevalence of self-reported diabetes ranged from 3.8% in Namibia to 0.5% in Senegal. Prevalence of self-reported hypertension ranged from 22.9% in Namibia to 0.6% in Senegal. In unadjusted models, individuals with HIV in Lesotho were 2 times more likely to have self-reported diabetes (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.08–3.73), however the relationship lost significance after adjustment. Individuals with HIV were less likely to have self-reported diabetes after adjustment in Namibia (OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.12–0.72) and less likely to have self-reported hypertension after adjustment in Lesotho (OR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.47–0.83). Relationships were not significant for Senegal or South Africa. Discussion HIV did not serve as a risk factor for self-reported cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa during the years included in this study. However, given the growing prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in the region, and the high prevalence of undiagnosed cardiovascular disease, it will be important to continue to track and monitor cardiovascular disease at the population level and in individuals with and without HIV. Conclusions The odds of self-reported diabetes in individuals with HIV was high in Lesotho and low in Namibia, while the odds of self-reported hypertension in individuals with HIV was low across all 4 countries included in this study. Programs are needed to target individuals that need to manage multiple diseases at once and should consider increasing access to cardiovascular disease management programs for older adults, individuals with high BMI, women, and those living in urban settings.

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